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When was the euro launched
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In the late years of the nineteenth century, "capital" and "labour" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modem lines. Many old firms was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. Meanwhile the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers. The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. During the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’’s movement towards industrialization Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of employees in the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. he paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the workers and their demands, but even he had seldom familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lookout taught the two parties to respect each other’’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation. The author says that old family firms
虚函数支持多态调用，一个基类的指针可以指向派生类的对象，而且通过这样的指针调用虚函数时，被调用的是指针所指的实际对象的虚函数，而非虚函数不支持多态调用。有如下程序： #include ＜iostream＞ using namespaee std； class Base{ public： virtual void f( ){cout＜＜"f0+"；} void g( ){cout＜＜"gO+"；} }； class Derived：public Base{ public： void f( ){cout＜＜"f+"；} void g( ){cout＜＜"g+"；} }； int main( ){ Derived d； Base*P=＆d： p-＞f( )；p-＞g( )； return 0； } 程序的输出结果是
In the late years of the nineteenth century, "capital" and "labour" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modem lines. Many old firms was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. Meanwhile the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers. The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. During the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’’s movement towards industrialization Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of employees in the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. he paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the workers and their demands, but even he had seldom familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lookout taught the two parties to respect each other’’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation. The author appears to be very critical of
有如下程序： #include ＜iostream＞ using namespace std； class test{ private： int a； public： test( ){cout＜＜"constructor"＜＜endl；} test(int A) {cout＜＜a＜＜endl；} test(const test ＆_test){ a=_test．a； cout＜＜"copy constructor"＜＜endl； } ～test(){cout＜＜"destructor"＜＜endl；} }； int main( ){ test A(3) return 0； } 程序的输出结果是
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