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A Sunshade for the Planet Even with the best will in the world, reducing our carbon emissions is not going to prevent global warming. It has become clear that even if we take the most strong measures to control emissions, the uncertainties in our climate models still leave open the possibility of extreme warming and rises in sea level. At the same time, resistance by governments and special interest groups makes it quite possible that the actions suggested by climate scientists might not be implemented soon enough. Fortunately, if the worst comes to the worst, scientists still have a few tricks up their sleeves. For the most part they have strongly resisted discussing these options for fear of inviting a sense of complacency that might thwart efforts to tackle the root of the problem. Until now, that is. A growing number of researchers are taking a fresh look at large-scale "geoengineering" projects that might be used to counteract global warming. "I use the analogy of methadone," says Stephen Schneider, a climate researcher at Stanford University in California who was among the first to draw attention to global warming. "If you have a heroin addict, the correct treatment is hospitalization, and a long rehab. But if they absolutely refuse, methadone is better than heroin." Basically the idea is to apply "sunscreen" to the whole planet. One astronomer has come up with a radical plan to cool the earth; launch trillions of feather-light discs into space, where they would form a vast cloud that would block the sun’s rays. It’s controversial, but recent studies suggest there are ways to deflect just enough of the sunlight reaching the earth’s surface to counteract the warming produced by the greenhouse effect. Global climate models show that blocking just 1.8% of the incident energy in the sun’s rays would cancel out the warming effects produced by a doubling of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. That could be crucial, because even the most severe emissions- control measures being proposed would leave us with a doubling of carbon dioxide by the end of this century, and that would last for at least a century more. What does Stephen Schneider say about a heroin addict and methadone
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What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe What is the coldest air temperature ever recorded on the earth Where was this low temperature recorded The coldest recorded temperature on Earth was -91℃, which 1 in Antarctica in 1983. We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in 2 temperatures in Earth orbit actually range from about 20℃ to 120℃. The temperature depends upon 3 you are in direct sunlight or shade. Obviously, -120℃ is colder than our body can safely endure. Thank NASA science for well-designed space 4 that protect astronauts from these temperature extremes. The space temperatures just discussed affect only our areal of the solar 5 . Obviously, it is hotter closer to the sun and colder as we travel away from the sun. Astronomers estimate temperatures at Pluto are about -210℃. How cold is the lowest estimated temperature in the entire universe Again, it depends upon your 6 . We are taught it is supposedly 7 to have a temperature below absolute zero, which is -273℃, at which atoms do not move. Two scientists, whose names are Cornell and Wieman, have successfully cooled down a gas to a temperature barely 8 absolute zero. They won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 for their work—not a discovery, in this case. Why is the two scientists’ work so important to science In the 1920s, Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting 9 about special light particles we now call photons. Bose had trouble 10 other scientists to believe his theory, 11 he contacted Albert Einstein. Einstein’s calculations helped him theorize that atoms 12 behave as Bose thought—but only at very cold temperatures. Scientists have also discovered that 13 atoms can help them make the world’s atomic docks even more accurate. These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose one second 14 six million years! Such accuracy will help us travel in space because distance is velocity times time (d=v×t). With the long distances involved in space 15 , we need to know time as accurately as possible to get accurate distance.
Japanese Car Keeps Watch for Drunk Drivers A concept car developed by Japanese company Nissan has a breathalyzer-like detection system and other instruments that could help keep drunk or over tired drivers off the road. The car’s sensors check odors inside the car and monitor a driver’s sweat for traces of alcohol. An in-car computer system can issue an alert or even lock up the ignition system if the driver seems over-the-limit. The air odor sensors are fixed firmly and deeply in the driver and passenger seats, while a detector in the gear-shift knob measures perspiration from the driver’s palm. Other carmakers have developed similar detection systems. For example, Sweden’s Volvo has developed a breathalyzer attached to a car’s seat belt that drivers must blow into before the engine will start. Nissan’s new concept vehicle also includes a dashboard-mounted camera that tracks a drivers alertness by monitoring their eyes. It will sound an alarm and issue a spoken warning in Japanese or English if it judges that the driver needs to pull over and rest. The car technology is still in development, but general manager Kazuhiro Doi says the combination of different detection systems should improve the overall effectiveness of the technology. "For example, if the gear-shift sensor was bypassed by a passenger using it instead of the driver, the facial recognition system would still be used," Doi says. Nissan has no specific timetable for marketing the system, but aims to use technology to cut the number of fatalities involving its vehicles to half 1995 levels by 2015. The car’s seat belt can also tighten if drowsiness is detected, while an external camera checks that the car is keeping to its lane properly. However, Doi admits that some of the technology, such as the alcohol odor sensor, should be improved. "If you drink one beer, it’s going to register, so we need to study what’s the appropriate level for the system to activate," he says. In the U.K., some research groups are using similar advanced techniques to understand driver behavior and the effectiveness of different road designs. According to Doi, ______.
A Sunshade for the Planet Even with the best will in the world, reducing our carbon emissions is not going to prevent global warming. It has become clear that even if we take the most strong measures to control emissions, the uncertainties in our climate models still leave open the possibility of extreme warming and rises in sea level. At the same time, resistance by governments and special interest groups makes it quite possible that the actions suggested by climate scientists might not be implemented soon enough. Fortunately, if the worst comes to the worst, scientists still have a few tricks up their sleeves. For the most part they have strongly resisted discussing these options for fear of inviting a sense of complacency that might thwart efforts to tackle the root of the problem. Until now, that is. A growing number of researchers are taking a fresh look at large-scale "geoengineering" projects that might be used to counteract global warming. "I use the analogy of methadone," says Stephen Schneider, a climate researcher at Stanford University in California who was among the first to draw attention to global warming. "If you have a heroin addict, the correct treatment is hospitalization, and a long rehab. But if they absolutely refuse, methadone is better than heroin." Basically the idea is to apply "sunscreen" to the whole planet. One astronomer has come up with a radical plan to cool the earth; launch trillions of feather-light discs into space, where they would form a vast cloud that would block the sun’s rays. It’s controversial, but recent studies suggest there are ways to deflect just enough of the sunlight reaching the earth’s surface to counteract the warming produced by the greenhouse effect. Global climate models show that blocking just 1.8% of the incident energy in the sun’s rays would cancel out the warming effects produced by a doubling of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. That could be crucial, because even the most severe emissions- control measures being proposed would leave us with a doubling of carbon dioxide by the end of this century, and that would last for at least a century more. According to the first two paragraphs, the author thinks that ______.
Japanese Car Keeps Watch for Drunk Drivers A concept car developed by Japanese company Nissan has a breathalyzer-like detection system and other instruments that could help keep drunk or over tired drivers off the road. The car’s sensors check odors inside the car and monitor a driver’s sweat for traces of alcohol. An in-car computer system can issue an alert or even lock up the ignition system if the driver seems over-the-limit. The air odor sensors are fixed firmly and deeply in the driver and passenger seats, while a detector in the gear-shift knob measures perspiration from the driver’s palm. Other carmakers have developed similar detection systems. For example, Sweden’s Volvo has developed a breathalyzer attached to a car’s seat belt that drivers must blow into before the engine will start. Nissan’s new concept vehicle also includes a dashboard-mounted camera that tracks a drivers alertness by monitoring their eyes. It will sound an alarm and issue a spoken warning in Japanese or English if it judges that the driver needs to pull over and rest. The car technology is still in development, but general manager Kazuhiro Doi says the combination of different detection systems should improve the overall effectiveness of the technology. "For example, if the gear-shift sensor was bypassed by a passenger using it instead of the driver, the facial recognition system would still be used," Doi says. Nissan has no specific timetable for marketing the system, but aims to use technology to cut the number of fatalities involving its vehicles to half 1995 levels by 2015. The car’s seat belt can also tighten if drowsiness is detected, while an external camera checks that the car is keeping to its lane properly. However, Doi admits that some of the technology, such as the alcohol odor sensor, should be improved. "If you drink one beer, it’s going to register, so we need to study what’s the appropriate level for the system to activate," he says. In the U.K., some research groups are using similar advanced techniques to understand driver behavior and the effectiveness of different road designs. What has Volvo developed
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