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Today the study of language in our schools is somewhat confused. It is the most traditional of scholastic subjects being taught in a time when many of our traditions no longer fit our needs. You to whom these pages are addressed speak English and are therefore in a worse case than any other literate people. People pondering the origin of language for the first time usually arrive at the conclusion that it developed gradually as a system of conventionalised grunts, hisses, and cries and must have been a very simple affair in the beginning. But when we observe the language behavior of what we regard as primitive cultures, we find it strikingly elaborate and complicated. Stefansson, the explorer, said that "In order to get along reasonably well an Eskimo must have at the tip of his tongue a vocabulary of more than 10,000 words, much larger than the active vocabulary of an average businessman who speaks English. Moreover these Eskimo words are far more highly inflected than those of any of the well-known European languages, for a single noun can be spoken or written in several hundred different forms, each having a precise meaning different from that of any other. The forms of the verbs are even more numerous. The Eskimo language is, therefore, one of the most difficult in the world to learn, with the result that almost no traders or explorers have even tried to learn it. Consequently there has grown up, an intercourse between Eskimos and whites, a jargon similar to the pidgin English used in China, with a vocabulary of from 300 to 600 uninflected words, most of them derived from Eskimo but some derived from English, Danish, Spanish, Hawaiian and other languages. It is this jargon which is usually referred to by travelers as "the Eskimo language". And Professor Thalbitzer of Copenhagen, who did take the trouble to learn Eskimo, seems to endorse the explorer"s view when he writes: "The language is polysynthetic. The grammar is extremely rich in flexional forms, the conjugation of a common verb ending. For the declension of a noun there are 150 suffixes (for dual and plural, local cases, and possessive flexion). The derivative endings effective in the vocabulary and the construction of sentences or sentence-like words a mount to at least 250. Not withstanding all these constructive peculiarities, the grammatical and synthetic system is remarkably concise and, in its own way, logical." According to the passage, the language of primitive cultures was ______.
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Today the study of language in our schools is somewhat confused. It is the most traditional of scholastic subjects being taught in a time when many of our traditions no longer fit our needs. You to whom these pages are addressed speak English and are therefore in a worse case than any other literate people. People pondering the origin of language for the first time usually arrive at the conclusion that it developed gradually as a system of conventionalised grunts, hisses, and cries and must have been a very simple affair in the beginning. But when we observe the language behavior of what we regard as primitive cultures, we find it strikingly elaborate and complicated. Stefansson, the explorer, said that "In order to get along reasonably well an Eskimo must have at the tip of his tongue a vocabulary of more than 10,000 words, much larger than the active vocabulary of an average businessman who speaks English. Moreover these Eskimo words are far more highly inflected than those of any of the well-known European languages, for a single noun can be spoken or written in several hundred different forms, each having a precise meaning different from that of any other. The forms of the verbs are even more numerous. The Eskimo language is, therefore, one of the most difficult in the world to learn, with the result that almost no traders or explorers have even tried to learn it. Consequently there has grown up, an intercourse between Eskimos and whites, a jargon similar to the pidgin English used in China, with a vocabulary of from 300 to 600 uninflected words, most of them derived from Eskimo but some derived from English, Danish, Spanish, Hawaiian and other languages. It is this jargon which is usually referred to by travelers as "the Eskimo language". And Professor Thalbitzer of Copenhagen, who did take the trouble to learn Eskimo, seems to endorse the explorer"s view when he writes: "The language is polysynthetic. The grammar is extremely rich in flexional forms, the conjugation of a common verb ending. For the declension of a noun there are 150 suffixes (for dual and plural, local cases, and possessive flexion). The derivative endings effective in the vocabulary and the construction of sentences or sentence-like words a mount to at least 250. Not withstanding all these constructive peculiarities, the grammatical and synthetic system is remarkably concise and, in its own way, logical." The author"s overall point is that ______.
The 1990s have been designated the Decade Against Drug Abuse by the United Nations. But, (1)_____ less than three years to go before the end of the decade, governments and health organizations (2)_____ that they have made (3)_____ progress in reducing drug, alcohol and tobacco abuse. Today, consumption of all these substances is increasingly steadily worldwide. (4)_____ every country now has problems with (5)_____ drugs. And the world is producing and consuming more alcohol and tobacco than ever. Between 1970 and 1990 beer production (6)_____ rose by over 80 per cent. And, (7)_____ the number of smokers keeps on (8)_____,by the second or third (9)_____ of the next century there could be 10 million deaths each year (10)_____ smoking related illnesses. Drugs are also a huge burden (11)_____ the world economy. In the United States, for example, it"s estimated that alcohol and illegal drug use costs the country tens of billions of dollars each year, mainly (12)_____ health care. When the cost of tobacco related illnesses is added, (13)_____ total more than doubles. Drugs are also closely (14)_____ crime. Many police forces no longer (15)_____ between illegal and legal drugs when fighting crime. In Australia, for example, experts (16)_____ that police in some parts of the country spend between 70 and 80 percent of their time dealing with alcohol-related incidents. One explanation for the increase in drug (17)_____ is simply that people have more money to spend. Tobacco and alcohol companies are now (18)_____ much more on developing countries to take (19)_____ of greater wealth there. And criminals involved in the illegal drug trade are following (20)_____, introducing drugs into countries where they were previously hardly use.
The importance and focus of the interview in the work of the print and broadcast journalist is reflected in several books that have been written on the topic. Most of these books as well as several chapters, mainly in, but not limited to, journalism and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts, stress the "how to" aspects of journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview, its context, and implications. Much of the "how to" material is based on personal experiences and general impressions. As we know, in journalism as in other fields much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice. Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed. There is, as has been suggested, a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting, but very little significant attention has been devoted to, the study of the interview itself. On the other hand, many general texts as well as numerous research articles on interviewing in fields other than journalism have been written. Many of these books and articles present the theoretical and empirical(经验的) aspects of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers. Unhappily, this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview. The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with the journalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons. First, it seems likely that most people in modern western societies are more familiar, at least in a positive manner, with journalistic interviewing than with any other form of interviewing. Most of us are probably somewhat familiar with the clinical interview, such as that conducted by physicians and psychologists. In these situations the professional person or interviewer is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of the person seeking help. Another familiar situation is the job interview. However, very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media, particularly by television. And yet, we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers, listeners, and viewers. Even so, tree understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews, requires thoughtful analyses and study, as this book indicates. Westerners are familiar with the journalistic interview ______.
The 1990s have been designated the Decade Against Drug Abuse by the United Nations. But, (1)_____ less than three years to go before the end of the decade, governments and health organizations (2)_____ that they have made (3)_____ progress in reducing drug, alcohol and tobacco abuse. Today, consumption of all these substances is increasingly steadily worldwide. (4)_____ every country now has problems with (5)_____ drugs. And the world is producing and consuming more alcohol and tobacco than ever. Between 1970 and 1990 beer production (6)_____ rose by over 80 per cent. And, (7)_____ the number of smokers keeps on (8)_____,by the second or third (9)_____ of the next century there could be 10 million deaths each year (10)_____ smoking related illnesses. Drugs are also a huge burden (11)_____ the world economy. In the United States, for example, it"s estimated that alcohol and illegal drug use costs the country tens of billions of dollars each year, mainly (12)_____ health care. When the cost of tobacco related illnesses is added, (13)_____ total more than doubles. Drugs are also closely (14)_____ crime. Many police forces no longer (15)_____ between illegal and legal drugs when fighting crime. In Australia, for example, experts (16)_____ that police in some parts of the country spend between 70 and 80 percent of their time dealing with alcohol-related incidents. One explanation for the increase in drug (17)_____ is simply that people have more money to spend. Tobacco and alcohol companies are now (18)_____ much more on developing countries to take (19)_____ of greater wealth there. And criminals involved in the illegal drug trade are following (20)_____, introducing drugs into countries where they were previously hardly use.
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