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[A ]Last July, Julie Baldocchi,s mother had a massive stroke and was paralyzed. Baldocchi suddenly had to become a family caregiver, something that she wasn"t prepared for. “I was flying by the seat of my pants,” says Baldocchi, an employment specialist in San Francisco. Both of her parents are 83, and she knew her father couldn’t handle her mother’s care. The hospital recommended putting her mother in a nursing home. Baldocchi wasn’t willing to do that. But moving her back into her parents’ home created other problems. Baldocchi, 48, is married and lives about a mile away from her parents. She has a full-time job and has back problems that make it difficult for her to lift her mother. “I couldn’t do it all,” she says. “But I didn’t even know how to find help.”[B]With help from the Family Caregiver Alliance, she eventually hired a live-in caregiver. “But even if you plan intellectually and legally, you’re never ready for the emotional impact,” Baldocchi says. In the first two months after her mother’s stroke, she lost about 30 pounds as stress mounted. More than 42 million Americans provide family caregiving for an adult who needs help with daily activities, according to a 2009 survey by the AARP. An additional 61.6 million provided at least some care during the year. And many are unprepared.[C]While many parents lack an advance care directive, it’s the most basic and important step they can take. The directive includes several parts, including: a durable power of attorney, which gives someone legal authority to make financial decisions on another’s behalf; a health care proxy, which is similar to the power of attorney, except it allows someone to make decisions regarding medical treatment; and a living will that outlines instructions for end-of-life care. (For example, parents can say if they want to be kept alive by artificial measures.) “It’s invaluable for the kids, because it’s hard to make those decisions for a parent,” says Jennifer Cona, an elder- law attorney at Genser Dubow Genser & Cona in Melville, N.Y. An advance care directive is the first line of defense if a situation arises, says Kathleen Kelly, executive director of the Family Caregiver Alliance, which supports and educates caregivers. Without an advance directive, the family will have to petition the court to be appointed the parent’s legal guardian, says AgingCare.com.[D]It’s important for families to talk about long-term care so the adult children know their parents,preferences, wishes and goals, says Lynn Feinberg, a caregiving expert at AARP. But it’s not an easy conversation. Elderly parents are sometimes suspicious of their children’s financial motives, says Susan John, a financial planner at Financial Focus in Wolfeboro, N.H. One client asked John to hold a family meeting because they needed an intermediary to talk about financial issues, she says. And when there are many siblings, the family decisions can become a three-ring circus with much acrimony, says Ann-Margaret Carrozza, an elder-law attorney in Glen Cove, N.Y. Families who need information and help sorting out disagreements can call on elder-law attorneys, financial planners, geriatric care managers and caregiver support groups. In February, AARP said it will offer its members a new caregiving support service through financial services firm Genworth.[E] Many families are unprepared for quick decisions, especially when they find out that Medicare doesn’t pay for long-term care, Feinberg says. The median cost of a year in a private room at a nursing home in 2011 was $77,745, according to Genworth. And only those who have spent most of their assets can qualify for Medicaid to pay for the nursing home.[ F]Assisted living is another option. Residents can have their own apartment to maintain some independence. But the facilities generally provide personal care services, such as meals, housekeeping and assistance with activities. Still, it’s not cheap: The national median cost in 2011 was $39,135, according to Genworth. Assisted living isn’t covered by Medicaid.[G ] If they have a choice, at least 90% of elderly parents prefer to stay at home as long as they can, according toAARP research. But if the parents can no longer safely live at home, it can be hard for children to move them into an adult care facility. There may be another option. Sometimes the home can be modified so a parent can stay there. For example, Baldocchi put in a chair lift for her mother. She also arranged for a home caregiver.[H]Family caregivers take over many responsibilities. One might manage a parent’s finances, while another sibling will take the parent to doctors" appointments and shopping. Those who move in with a parent take on a significant and sustained burden of care. Jan Walker moved into her mother’s home in Leesburg, Fla. After her mother, who is 83, had fallen, she wasn’t able to get around as well. Walker, 55, has three brothers. But she is the only daughter, is divorced and has no children. “I always knew that this was the role that I would have, and I guess my mind was prepared for it,” says Walker, who now is a full-time caregiver and works from home as a tutorial instructor for a digital scrapbooking website. “When you get into the trenches, it’s literally baptism by fire,” she says. “New things come up. It’s not just about advance planning for finances or medical care. It’s everything,” she says.[I ]Caregivers need to also watch their own health. “There is such a thing as caregiver burnout, ” Cona says. Among female caregivers 50 and older, 20% reported symptoms of depression, according to a 2010 study on working caregivers by MetLife. “It’s a hard job,” Walker says. “But most worthwhile things are hard. She was always there for me when I needed a helping hand. It’s only natural that I be here for her now.”1.When elderly parents cannot live at home safely, their children can change their home instead of sending them to an adult care facility.2.To talk about long-term care is not easy because sometimes aged parents are suspicious of their children’s financial motives.3.Besides advance planning for finances or medical care, family caregivers take over many other responsibilities.4.The difference between a durable power of attorney and a health care proxy is that the latter allows someone to make decisions regarding medical treatment.5.Baldocchi did not want to send her mother to a nursing home, but she had difficulty taking care of her.6.Over 42 million caregivers helped an adult with everyday activities in the USA in 2009.7.If a family needs information or help to sort out disagreements, there are many people they can call on.8.Caregivers should pay attention to their own health, or they may burn out or become depressed.9.One will have to petition the court to be the parent’s legal guardian, if there is no advance directive.10.The national median cost of assisted living in 2011 was $39,135 and it is not covered by Medicaid.

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1905 年至 1907 年间,资产阶级革命派和改良派进行了一场大论战 ,双方论战的焦点是( )

A. 要不要以革命手段推翻清王朝
B. 要不要推翻帝制实行共和
C. 要不要社会革命
D. 要不要发动广大民众

孙中山先生是伟大的民族英雄,伟大的爱国主义者,中国民主革命的伟大先躯,一生以革命为已任,励志救国救民,为中华民族做出了彪炳史册的贡献。孙中山先生的伟大表现在()

A. 坚定维护民主共和国制度和国家完整统一
B. 发动了推翻北洋军阀统治为目标的北伐战争
C. 重新解释三民主义并提出了联俄、联共、扶助农工三大政策
D. 领导了辛亥革命

在武昌起义中起了重要作用的两个革命团体是( )A、B、C、D、

A. 日知会
B. 文学社
C. 共进会
D. 科学补习所

A)Unlike an earthquake, a demographic (人口的) disaster does not strike without warning. Japan’s population of 127m is predicted to fall to 90m by 2050. As recently as 1990, working-age Japanese outnumbered children and the elderly by seven to three. By 2050 the ratio will be one to one. As Japan grows old and feeble, where will its companies find dynamic, energetic workers?B )For a company president pondering this question over a laboriously prepared breakfast of steamed rice, broiled salmon, miso soup (味噌汤) and artistically presented pickles, the answer is literally staring him in the face. Half the talent in Japan is female. "Outside the kitchen, those talents are woefully underemployed", as Sylvia Ann Hewlett and Laura Sherbin of the Centre for Work-Life Policy, an American think-tank, show in a new study calld "off-Ramps and On- Ramps: Japan".C)Nearly half of Japanese university graduates are female but only 67% of these women have jobs, many of which are part-time or involve serving tea. Japanese women with degrees are much more likely than Americans (74% to 31%) to quit their jobs voluntarily. Whereas most Western women who take time off do so to look after children, Japanese women are more likely to say that the strongest push came from employers who do not value them. A startling 49% of highly educated Japanese women who quit do so because they feel their careers have stalled (止步不前).D)The Japanese workplace is not quite as sexist as it used to be. Pictures of naked women, ubiquitous (普遍存在的) on salarymen’s desks in the 1990s, have been removed. Most companies have rules against sexual discrimination. But educated women are often shunted into dead-end jobs. Old-fashioned bosses see their role as prettifying the office and forming a pool of potential marriage partners for male employees. And a traditional white-collar working day makes it hard to pick up the kids from school.E)Even if the company rule book says that flexitime is allowed, those who work from home are seen as uncommitted to the team. Employees are expected to show their faces before 9am, typically after a long commute on a train so packed that the gropers cannot tell whom they are groping. Staff are also under pressure to stay late, regardless of whether they have work to do: nearly 80% of Japanese men get home after 7pm, and many attend semi-compulsory drinking binges in hostess bars until the small hours. Base salaries are low; salarymen are expected to fill their pay packets by putting in heroic amounts of overtime.F)Besides finding these hours just a bit inconvenient, working mothers are unlikely to get much help at home from their husbands. Japanese working mums do four hours of child care and housework each day—eight times as much as their spouses. Thanks to restrictive immigration laws, they cannot hire cheap help. A Japanese working mother cannot sponsor a foreign nanny for a visa, though it is not hard for a nightclub owner to get “entertainer” visas for young Filipinas in short skirts. That says something about Japanese lawmakers’ priorities. And it helps explain why Japanese women struggle to climb the career ladder: only 10% of Japanese managers are female, compared with 46% in America.G)Japanese firms are careful to recycle paper but careless about wasting female talent. Some 66% of highly educated Japanese women who quit their jobs say they would not have done so if their employers had allowed flexible working arrangements. The vast majority (77%) of women who take time off work want to return. But only 43% find a job, compared with 73% in America. Of those who do go back to work, 44% are paid less than they were before they took time off, and 40% have to accept less responsibility or a less prestigious title. Goldman Sachs estimates that if Japan made better use of its educated women, it would add 8.2m brains to the workforce and expand the economy by 15%—equivalent to about twice the size of the country’s motor industry.H)What can be done? For Japanese women, the best bet is to work for a foreign company. Two-thirds of university-educated Japanese women see European or American firms as more female-friendly than Japanese ones. Foreign firms in Japan (and similarly sexist South Korea) see a wealth of undervalued clever women and make a point of hiring them. One woman who switched from a Japanese bank to a foreign one marvelled that: “The women here have opinions. They talk back. They are direct.”I)Japanese companies have much to learn from the gaijin (外国人). IBM Japan encourages flexitime. BMKK, the Japanese arm of Bristol-Myers Squibb, a drug firm, has a programme to woo back women who have taken maternity leave. Why can’t native Japanese firms do likewise? A few, such as Shiseido, a cosmetics firm, try hard. But apparently small concessions to work-life balance can require a big change in the local corporate mindset. Working from home should be easy: everyone has broadband (宽带). “But Japanese bosses are not used to judging people by their performance”, sighs Yoko Ishikura, an expert on business strategy at Keio University.J)The firms that make the best use of female talent are often those where women can find sponsors. Most of the women interviewed for the study by Ms Hewlett and Ms Sherbin who got back on the career track after time off did so because a manager remembered how good they were and lobbied for them to be rehired. Eiko, one of the women interviewed, felt pressure from her male colleagues to quit when she became pregnant and announced that she was leaving to do an MBA. Her clear-sighted boss realised that this was not what she really wanted to do. He suggested leaving Tokyo and working at another branch with a more supportive atmosphere. Eiko transferred to Hong Kong, where career women are admired and nannies are cheap.46. It is difficult for a traditional white-collar woman during working hours to collect children from school in Japan.47. If employers had arranged flexible working time for Japanese women, about 66% of them with higher education would not have quitted their jobs.48. Two-thirds of Japanese women who get university education think European or American companies are more friendly to women than Japanese ones.49. Eiko’s boss proposed that Eiko should leave Tokyo for another sub-company where the atmosphere was more supportive.50. In Japan, working mothers spend four hours looking after their children and doing housework per day, which is seven times more than their husbands.51. It is in those firms where women can get support that their talent is made the best use of.52. The number of working-age Japanese is much greater than that of children and the senior people in 1990.53. Even though the company rule book allows Japanese women to work flexitime, women working from home are regarded as not devoting themselves to the team.54. Almost 50% of Japanese university graduates are women, only 67% of them have jobs.55. It is apparent that small concessions to keep a balance between work and life can demand local firms in Japan change their mindset greatly.

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