Essential elements (i.e. nitrogen and phosphorous) serve what essential function?(Please choose one correct answer)
A. They help to regulate biological processes and shape life on earth
B. They are the elements taken up by microorganisms and drive all primary production
C. They are the man-made components that act as catalysts for creating artificial fertilizers
D. They are all the elements that can be found on the periodic table
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In this lecture, Professor Rockström indicates that the update to the science of planetary boundaries will make a change to the calculation of the land and water use boundaries. What is this change highlighted by Professor Rockström?(Choose one correct answer)
A. The updated science will use an entirely ‘top-down’ approach, looking at how much land and water can be used before inducing a tipping point
B. The updated science will use an entirely ‘top-down’ approach, looking at how much land and water must be maintained in order to maintain resilience
C. The updated science will use an entirely ‘bottom-up’ approach. At the local scale, the level of biodiversity loss and novel entities that can be reached before inducing a tipping point will form the basis of the assessment.
D. The updated science will combine a ‘top-down’ approach with a ‘bottom-up’ approach. At the local/regional scale how much land in forest systems and freshwater in river basins must be maintained in order to sustain Earth resilience
Why is the environmental water flow measure important?(Please select one answer)
A. It indicates the amount of water that is needed in a river to keep it from becoming overly enriched with nutrients (a process known as eutrophication)
B. It indicates the amount of water that is currently in river basins worldwide
C. It indicates how much water in rivers systems is available to be used for agriculture
D. It indicates an estimate of the minimum amount of water that is needed in our river systems to keep ecosystems functioning
According to Professor Rockström, what are examples of management implications of the connections between land use and water use? (Select two correct answers)
A. Land use must be managed independently of water use
B. Land use and water use must be managed interdependently
C. Land use must be managed locally whether or not a precipitation shed is present as there is no connection between land and rainfall patterns
D. Land use must be properly managed at large scales in order to account for precipitation sheds which govern rainfall over large areas.
E. Land use does not directly influence water use
Select the three ways by which biodiversity loss can erode ecosystem resilience:(Please select three answers)
A. Decreases the amount of available freshwater
B. Reduces the diversity of genetic material
C. Increases the risk of wild fires
D. Reduces the number of species that perform the same functions (functional redundancy
E. Increases in the number of pollinators in ecosystems
F. Increases the vulnerability of ecosystems
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