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"Family" is of course an elastic word. But when British people say that their society is based on family life, they are thinking of "family" in its narrow, peculiarly European sense of mother, father and children living together alone in their own house as an economic and social unit. Thus, every British marriage indicates the beginning of a new and independent family-hence the tremendous importance of marriage in British life. For both the man and the woman, marriage means leaving one’s parents and starting one’s own life. The man’s first duty will then be to his wife, and the wife’s to her husband. He will be entirely responsible for her financial support, and she for the running of the new home. Their children will be their common responsibility and theirs alone. Neither the wife’s parents nor the husband’s, nor their brothers or sisters, aunts or uncles, have any right to interfere with them-they are their own masters. Readers of novels like Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice will know that in former times marriage among wealthy families was arranged by the girl’s parents, that is, it was the parents’ duty to find a suitable husband for their daughter, preferably a rich one, and by skillful encouragement to lead him eventually to ask their permission to marry her. Until that time, the girl was protected and maintained in the parents’ home, and the financial relief of getting rid of her could be seen in their giving the newly married pair a sum of money called a dowry (嫁妆). It is very different today. Most girls of today get a job when they leave school and become financially independent before their marriage. This has had two results: a girl chooses her own husband, and she gets no dowry. What is TRUE concerning the book Pride and Prejudice
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Robot Cars to Do Battle in Desert Race When 15 competitors lined up in Nevada last year for the US Defense Department’s first million-dollar robot race, hopes were high. The challenge: to drive a vehicle without a human driver or remote control some 150 miles (241 kilometers) through the Mojave Desert. But those hopes quickly went up in a cloud of dust as most robots barely managed to get off the starting line. The best performer, a modified Humvee built by engineers at Pennsylvania’s Carnegie Mellon University, traveled 7 miles (11 kilometers) before breaking down. To robot devotees(热爱者), however, it was a minor problem. No surprise, then, that 43 teams showed up to try out for this year’s race, dubbed(被称作) the Grand Challenge. For the past week, teams ranging from garage enthusiasts to well-funded university engineers have been fine-tuning their machines at qualifying rounds here at the California Speedway in Fontana, California. (Watch the robots in action in our exclusive video. ) Twenty-three finalists were announced Thursday for Saturday’s Grand Challenge. The 175-mile (282-kilometer) course starts and finishes in Primm, Nevada. The race promises to be even tougher than last year’s run. But 18 months is an eternity in the robotics world, and the technology has vastly improved. Organizers believe several teams have a real shot of finishing the race in less than ten hours to earn the grand prize of two million US dollars. "When the first team out of the chute (斜道)--Mojavaton, a small team out of Colorado--made it successfully around the 2.2-mile (3.5-kilometer) qualification course, I "knew right there and then that we had something special," said Ron Kurjanowicz, the chief of staff for the Pentagon’s Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which is sponsoring the race. Unknown Course The aim of the Grand Challenge, Defense Department officials say, is to spur development of autonomous ground vehicles that can operate in dangerous environments, such as war zones, keeping soldiers out of harm’s way. A US Congress mandate(训令) requires that one-third of military ground vehicles drive themselves by 2015, but the technology to meet that mandate does not yet exist. So the government looked to enterprising teams to develop the technology for driverless vehicles, sweetening its offer with the two-million-dollar purse. None of the 23 teams knows what lies ahead for this year’s race. DARPA won’t reveal the exact route until two hours before the start of the race on Saturday. But the obstacles on the Fontana qualification course--including a steel-enforced tunnel that wipes out a vehicle’s global positioning system--are made to resemble the rugged, real-life conditions that the vehicles will have to navigate. The vehicles use sensors such as lasers, cameras, and radar to help them avoid obstacles such as rocks and cliffs. The computer’s brain has to figure out how to resolve unexpected conflicts, like a boulder sitting in the middle of the road. "Think about all the decisions that you and I have to make when we drive from our house to the store," Kurjanowicz said. "These vehicles have to do the same thing, without a driver. " Among the top contenders in Saturday’s race is TerraMax, a massive truck originally built by the Wisconsin-based Oshkosh Truck Corporation for the US Marine corps. In last year’s race, TerraMax managed to go only 1.2 miles (2 kilometers). Team leader Gary Schmiedel expects to do much better this year. He pointed to the new all-wheel steering feature on the truck as an important addition. "We can move this large, 15-ton (13. 5-metric ton) payload vehicle in a turn that’s equivalent to that of a Humvee," he said. Ghostrider The resources of teams like Terra Max or Carnegie Mellon University, which has two vehicles in the race this year, are a far cry from those of some of the other competitors, including inventors, electricians, and even a high school team. One entry, from a Southern California team of engineers, racers, and hot-rodders, is called It Came from the Garage. It has a beer keg(小桶) stuck on the back and an on-off switch that says "brain". "Most of the schools and organizations we’re up against are just accessorizing conventional vehicles," said team leader Chris "C. J. " Pedersen, a former actor. "Ours is a custom-built, 21st-century hot rod complete with hood scoop and exhaust coming off the side. " Anthony Levandowski, a robotics builder from Berkeley, California, is back with Ghostrider, the only motorcycle robot in the qualifications. Studded with sensors and computers, it toppled(翻倒) over after 3 feet (1 meter) in last year’s race. Levandowski, who had to postpone his graduate studies when he couldn’t find a faculty advisor who believed it would be possible to build the motorcycle robot, says his vehicle has some distinct advantages. "We’re smaller and go a lot more places," he said while tinkering with the robot before another trial run. "We’re also a lot less expensive. This bike costs as much as a tire or a wheel of some of these other guys’ machines. " Smart Money Neither Ghostrider nor It Came from the Garage made the final cut at this week’s qualifying races. However, another crowd-pleaser, Cajunbot--or the Ragin’s Cajun--a converted all-terrain vehicle developed by a team from the University of Louisiana in Lafayette, did. Thesmart money in Saturday’s race may be on Stanley, a converted Volkswagen Touareg made by a team at California’s Stanford University. It was the only vehicle that didn’t hit an obstacle in the trial runs. Even if none of the vehicles finishes the race this year, DARPA’s Kurjanowicz said, the event has succeeded in galvanizing robotics developers and pushing the creation of new technologies. "The beauty of the Grand Challenge is that it doesn’t tell people how to solve the problem," he said. "The community has come up with its own elegant solutions. \ The passage mainly describes the advantages and disadvantages of robot car races.
Text 3 There are at least two causes of anxiety: conflict and stress. As an example of the former, we can rarely predict the precise consequences of what we do, but we are awarded (oz cursed) with the intellectual capacity to anticipate the advantages and disadvantages which may arise for any action we may be contemplating. Very commonly we axe faced with a choice between several courses of action, all of which we have reasons for or against. This state of affairs -- in psychological jargon, multiple approach-avoidance conflict -- accounts for a great deal of our worrying: worrying, that is, about what to do. The other major source of worry is the dreadful things which may happen or have happened to us or to those we care for. Among the most stressful of these are death, illness, loss of work, money problems, marital problems and retirement. Such worries have a rational basis, but we are curiously irrational in the way we pursue them. For example, fear of death is as strong among young adults as among the elderly and it does not seem to be reduced by any sort of religious faith, including the belief that there is life after death. It is equally surprising that objective measures of anxiety suggest that we are as worried the hour before having a tooth filled as when we face a major medical operation. How do we deal with worries Psychiatrists point to a number of defensive devices we can use to turn them aside. We can avoid the situations which induce them, one of the example being that some people refuse to fly in airplanes. We can deny that we have the worry at all, which may be risky if the worry is well-founded. Alternatively, we may repress it. These are hazardous; the former may lead to free-floating, clinical anxiety, while the latter is a way of saying that many physical troubles seem to be primarily emotional in origin. Temporary relief from anxiety can be obtained through engaging in a variety of coping behaviors. These include many of the commonest items of our behavioral repertoire. Smoking, drinking, sleeping, eating, taking physical exercise, daydreaming: all can be used to reduce anxiety when the occasion demands it. It is when they fail that worrying or anxiety threatens to become a clinical problem. Of course, some people worry more than others, whatever the circumstances. So far I have been discus- sing the state of anxiety, which is largely the product of the amount of stress an individual experiences. But anxiety is also a personality trait, closely related to Eysenck’s neuroticism dimension, and the genes we inherit may make us likely become worriers. The importance of constitutional factors is underlined by the fact that people rarely have breakdowns for the first time later in life, despite the fact that stress-inducing events become more frequent as we get older. One of the main reasons why people worry about the future is that they ______.
某自营出口小家电的生产性外商投资企业为增值税一般纳税人。该企业适用的增值税税率为17%，退税率为13%。2007年10月的生产经营情况如下： (1)外购原材料、燃料取得增值税专用发票，注明支付价款1 350万元、增值税229.5万元，材料验收入库； (2)以外购原材料150万元委托某公司加工货物，支付加工费取得增值税专用发票，注明价款30万元、增值税5.1万元，支付加工货物的运输费用15万元，并取得运输公司开具的普通发票； (3)免税进口料件一批，支付国外买价300万元、运抵我国海关前的运输费用、保管费和装卸费用75万元，该料件进口关税税率20%，料件已验收入库； (4)内销货物取得不含税销售额600万元，支付销货运输费用45万元，并取得运输公司开具的普通发票；出口货物销售取得销售额1 200万元； (5)购进用于采集增值税专用发票抵扣联信息的扫描器具和计算机一台，取得的增值税专用发票上注明的设备价款为2万元，增值税额为3 400元； (6)从境外公司购得专利技术一项，价值30万元。 要求： (1)采用“免、抵、退”法计算该企业2007年10月份应缴纳或退的增值税。 (2)计算该企业购入专利技术应该代扣代缴的有关税金。
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
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