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SECTION C Questions 6 to 8 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news. How many militants were killed in Wednesday’s attacks
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TEXT A Large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. Although much has been accomplished for the modern period, premodern cultures have proved more difficult: sources are restricted in number, fragmentary, difficult to interpret, and often contradictory. Thus it is not particularly surprising that some earlier scholarship concerning such cultures has so far gone unchallenged. An example is Johann Bachofen’s 1861 treatise on Amazons, women-ruled societies of questionable existence contemporary with ancient Greece. Starting from the premise that mythology and legend preserve at least a nucleus of historical fact, Bachofen argued that women were dominant in many ancient societies. His work was based on a comprehensive survey of references in the ancient sources to Amazonian and other societies with matrilineal customs--societies in which descent and property rights are traced through the female line. Some support for his theory can be found in evidence such as that drawn from Herodotus, the Greek "historian" of the fifth century B. C, who speaks of an Amazonian society, the Sauromatae, where the women hunted and fought in wars. A woman in this society was not allowed to marry until she had killed a person in battle. Nonetheless, this assumption that the first recorders of ancient myths have preserved facts is problematic. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact--real Amazonian societies--but rather to offer "moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of women’s rule in their own society. The Amazons were often characterized, for example, as the equivalents of giants and centaurs, enemies to be slain by Greek heroes. Their customs were presented not as those of a respectable society, but as the very antitheses of ordinary Greek practices. Thus, I would argue the purpose of accounts of the Amazons for their male Greek recorders was didactic, to teach both male and female Greeks that all-female groups, formed by withdrawal from traditional society, are destructive and dangerous. Myths about the Amazons were used as arguments for the male-dominated status quo, in which groups composed exclusively of either sex were not permitted to segregate themselves permanently from society. Bachofen was thus misled in his reliance on myths for information about the status of women. The sources that will probably tell contemporary historians most about women in the ancient world are such social documents as gravestones, wills and marriage contracts. Studies of such documents have already begun to show how mistaken we are when we try to derive our picture of the ancient world exclusively from literary sources, especially myths. It can be inferred from the passage that the probable reactions of many males in ancient Greece to the idea of a society ruled by women could best be characterized as ______.
TEXT C In a country which must certainly have been a long way away from where we Rumanians live, all the young people decided to kill all the old people. It’s an old, old story... What was the use of their going on living with white beards and all They had lived their life, they’d had their time and that was that. Anyone who reached the age of fifty or a bit over—he was to be done away with. Lots of wise old men were killed and lots of wisdom passed away with them. Only one kind-hearted young man, so they say, took pity on his father; after all, he owed his life to him in the first place. So he hid him away in a cellar and took care of him. Time passed and a terrible drought came. Meadows and plough lands shriveled and withered and all the springs dried up. There was terrible famine, and sickness and all kinds of troubles came upon the young people thick and fast, and their hair began to go white before its time. They would have put up with everything as best they could, but more and worse troubles followed. The snow melted and spring was upon them without their having a single grain of seed to put in the ground. They scraped the floors of all the barns that used to be stacked so high they could hardly hold all the grain. All the king’s councilors held long talks with the king but there was nothing they could do to get themselves out of their terrible trouble. From bishop to farm worker the whole people were overcome with horror and fear at the thought that spring had come and there was nothing to sow their fields with. The old man hidden in the cellar could see that his son was going about looking miserable all the. time. One day he asked him: "What’s making you look so thoughtful, my boy Has anyone done you any harm Are you in trouble Tell your father all about it. He may be able to help you, even if it’s only with words." The son told him all the troubles straight away, from beginning to end. The old man thought for a little and then he said: "Don’t tell anybody anything for the time being. But when the last patches of snow melt on the fields, take your plough and go and plough up the lane in front of your house. Rake it over after that and.., stop worrying. "The boy followed the advice the old man had given him and what did he see There came a quick spring rain and out of the ground there began to sprout wheat and maize, oats and barley and even beans and peas in some places. It seemed so wonderful that news of it spread up and down the country. It was a thing no one had ever heard of—a man’s reaping where he hadn’t sown. Of course the king got to hear of it too. He quickly ordered the lad to be brought before him. So he presented himself and of course he was now considered to be the wisest of the wise. "What did you do How did you do it Who told you what to do" The king started asking him questions at once. All these questions confused the boy and he was afraid so he didn’t tell him the true answer straight off. But in the end he admitted what had happened. "Bring me your father here," the king ordered. So the old man was brought along too. "Well, your Majesty, just think how many seeds drop on the ground when people carry them home on their carts." The old fellow was given a royal reward; he had saved the life of the whole nation and so the boy was pardoned too for not killing him. And ever since then, my friends, they haven’t killed the old men any more. What was the advice the old man gave to his son
SECTION B Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. Which of the following is true of the patient who has registered for the National Health Service according to the officer
Questions 9 to 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news. Which of the following has resulted from the Arabian people’s anger over the abuse
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