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Passage 3 Though the glass building is modern enough, such scenes suggest that little has really changed at London’s ancient insurance market. For centuries, brokers and underwriters have performed similar rituals, in good times and in bad notably in the early 1990s, when Lloyd’s suffered such huge losses that it almost went under. But since it pulled back from the abyss in 1996, Lloyd’s has reinvented itself. It clings tenaciously to its historic trappings; but, in substance, it is as though it had died and come back in a new form. To see how Lloyd’ s has changed, look at who invests there. This year, Britain’s largest insurer, CGU, has moved its marine operation into Lloyd’s. March ＆ McLennan, the world’s largest insurance broker, has helped to found a new Bermudian insurer that will underwrite from Lloyd’s. And the market has welcomed its first big multinational, Smith Kline BeeCham, a drags giant, which has launched an in-house (or "captive") insurer. Other arrivals read like a Who’s of the industry, including Warren Buffet’s Berkshire Hathaway, Ace, a Bermudian insurer, and America’s Paul. This adds up to a ringing endorsement of Lloyd’s renewed viability, long-term profitability and competitiveness, none of which could have been taken for granted as recently as 1996. Then the market had racked up the world’s biggest-ever commercial loss(8 billion $13 billion)in five years. It had mined at least 1,600 of its 34,000 members ("names") , all underwriting with unlimited liability; some committed suicide. Lloyd’s seemed doomed. In the Lloyd’s system, all the members ______.
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Passage Two One of the most important functions of the accounting process is to accumulate and report accounting information that shows an organization’s financial position and the results of its operations. Many businesses publish such financial statements at least annually. The subdivision of the accounting process that produces these general-purpose reports is referred to as financial accounting. Another major function of accounting is to provide management with the data needed for decision-making and for efficient operation of the firm. Although management people routinely receive the financial reports, they also require various other information, such as the unit cost of a product, estimates of the profit earned from a specific sales activity, cost comparisons of alternative courses of action and long-range budgets. The process of generating and analyzing such data is often referred to as managerial accounting. The management of a firm needs to use the results of both financial accounting as well as managerial accounting.
Passage Two One of the most important functions of the accounting process is to accumulate and report accounting information that shows an organization’s financial position and the results of its operations. Many businesses publish such financial statements at least annually. The subdivision of the accounting process that produces these general-purpose reports is referred to as financial accounting. Another major function of accounting is to provide management with the data needed for decision-making and for efficient operation of the firm. Although management people routinely receive the financial reports, they also require various other information, such as the unit cost of a product, estimates of the profit earned from a specific sales activity, cost comparisons of alternative courses of action and long-range budgets. The process of generating and analyzing such data is often referred to as managerial accounting. Financial statements are used only by the outsiders of a firm.
Directions: Read the following passages and determine whether the sentences are "Right" or "Wrong". ff there is not enough information to answer "Right" or "Wrong", choose "Doesn’t say".Passage One The most basic tool of the accountant is the accounting equation. This equation presents the assets of the business and the claims to those assets. Assets are economic resources of a business that are expected to be of benefit in the future. Cash, office supplies, merchandise, furniture, land and buildings are examples. Claims to those assets come from two sources. Liability are outsider claims, which are economic obligations, debts payable to outsiders. These outside parties are called creditors. For example a creditor who has loaned money to a business has a claim—a legal right—to a part of the assets until the business pays the debt. "Insider claims" are called owners equity or capital. These are the claims held by the owners of the business. An owner has a claim to the entity’s assets because he or she has invested in the business. Owners’ equity is measured by subtracting liabilities from assets. The amount of liabilities of a business tells us how much the business owes to outsiders.
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