We now come to the vital topic of money. First, we must remember that science, on any significant scale, exists only in economies where there is surplus (剩余,过剩) of goods and services. A prosperous economy forms a necessary base for scientific work. Tragically, the economies of the "underdeveloped" countries, where the need is overwhelming, have not supported—nor have they been capable of supporting—any substantial scientific and technical training or research. Read the speech of P.M.S. Blackett, President of the Royal Society, in which the existing great disparity between the "have" and "have-not" economies is considered. The primary theme of his address is that the gap is not closing; on the contrary, it steadily grows wider. The United States, as the wealthiest industrial nation, spends a greater amount on research and development than any other nations. It is beyond the scope of this book to consider in detail whether the amount spent is adequate, either in relation to our own economy or in relation to our position in the world. At best the question is an open one. In the last few years, financial support for science has changed significantly. It is frustrating to report that, in spite of numerous statements about the extent and nature of these changes, it has been impossible to find sufficient agreement to be sure just what has happened. Two points do appear clear. First, there has been an overall cut in research funds, further reinforced by substantial inflation of prices. Second, there has been increased emphasis on "relevant" research—that is research with immediate practical applications. One report that reflects most closely our own estimate of the situation was made by a five-member committee from the National Academy of Sciences. This group investigated funding of chemistry projects by the National Institutes of Health. The committee concluded that funding had declined by an average of 20% and that the section most closely related to basic research had funds cut in half. The committee found that various institutes, in-house research, administrative budgets, and continuing extramural (市外的) grants had been protected with the result that new and renewal grants had become a disaster area. Other reports stating that federal institutes’ funds have had only limited cuts have apparently ignored the point made by the National Academy Committee. The word "disparity" (Line 7, Para. 1) is closest in meaning to ______.
A. dispute
B. diversion
C. inequality
D. argument
We now come to the vital topic of money. First, we must remember that science, on any significant scale, exists only in economies where there is surplus (剩余,过剩) of goods and services. A prosperous economy forms a necessary base for scientific work. Tragically, the economies of the "underdeveloped" countries, where the need is overwhelming, have not supported—nor have they been capable of supporting—any substantial scientific and technical training or research. Read the speech of P.M.S. Blackett, President of the Royal Society, in which the existing great disparity between the "have" and "have-not" economies is considered. The primary theme of his address is that the gap is not closing; on the contrary, it steadily grows wider. The United States, as the wealthiest industrial nation, spends a greater amount on research and development than any other nations. It is beyond the scope of this book to consider in detail whether the amount spent is adequate, either in relation to our own economy or in relation to our position in the world. At best the question is an open one. In the last few years, financial support for science has changed significantly. It is frustrating to report that, in spite of numerous statements about the extent and nature of these changes, it has been impossible to find sufficient agreement to be sure just what has happened. Two points do appear clear. First, there has been an overall cut in research funds, further reinforced by substantial inflation of prices. Second, there has been increased emphasis on "relevant" research—that is research with immediate practical applications. One report that reflects most closely our own estimate of the situation was made by a five-member committee from the National Academy of Sciences. This group investigated funding of chemistry projects by the National Institutes of Health. The committee concluded that funding had declined by an average of 20% and that the section most closely related to basic research had funds cut in half. The committee found that various institutes, in-house research, administrative budgets, and continuing extramural (市外的) grants had been protected with the result that new and renewal grants had become a disaster area. Other reports stating that federal institutes’ funds have had only limited cuts have apparently ignored the point made by the National Academy Committee. "...the question is an open one" in the second paragraph means that ______.
A. the question has to be left to the public to decide
B. the question is too self-evident to be discussed any further
C. different people may have different opinion about this question
D. more information has to be collected before the question can be finally answered
Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each numbered blank, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. One way of improving your language skill is to read for 1 novels, plays, travel books, and so on. And in reading books of this kind the 2 thing is to get on with the reading and to try to guess 3 the writer is going to tell you in the book. This is impossible 4 you stop to think over the meaning of every 5 word which happens to be unfamiliar to you. You cannot enjoy a story if you stop half a dozen times 6 every page in order to look up words in the dictionary. When you are reading books of this kind, 7 , you will usually have to rely mainly on the 8 to help you. If you see an unfamiliar word, do not let it take too much of your 9 from the main thread of the story. In all probability you will meet the same word again a few pages later and in a 10 different context, and each time you see it your understanding of it will become more exact.
A. pleasure
B. joy
C. happiness
D. recreation
There are three additional factors that should be cited in order to ensure greater success in the youth market. The first is that the youth group is a perpetually new market. As consumers move into this market, the advertiser needs to attract them, since every brand is a new brand to someone who has never used it before. This stream of young consumers moves along in age and finally drifts into an older pool of householders. Thus, a marketer must not neglect young consumers who come "on stream" if the company’s brand is to have continued success in the older-age market. A second point to remember is that companies may be able to utilize youth appeals to a market broader than the traditional age boundary would indicate. Marketers today are defining "youth" more in terms of a state of mind than of a specific age. The result of this is that many companies, ranging from retailers to manufacturers, are broadening their emphasis to include the mature and more affluent customers who "think young". A final point for the market to recognize is the growing and global nature of the market. The youth market will increase worldwide. Moreover, there appears to be a growing homogenization of the teenage market worldwide. Many companies see teen tastes and attitudes as being sufficiently similar to warrant (保证,使有正当理由) a global advertising and marketing strategy. If there is a generic type of teenager emerging globally, this has important implications for marketers. First, sheer market size is staggering (令人惊愕的)—1.37 billion people, or 26 percent of world population, aged 10 to 19 in 1990—and there is a trend of teens in industrialized nations spending a higher percentage of their parents’ disposable income. Second, a danger lurks in this market for U.S. marketers. They must recognize that the United States may not remain the cultural nerve center for teens. Constant travel and attention to new ideas generated abroad are necessary, rather than assuming an automatic reliance on the primacy of U.S. cultural exports. Young consumers who "come on stream" means ______.
A. young people who have never used certain brands before
B. young people who become the targets of marketers
C. young people who consume in the youth market and late in the older-age market
D. young people who are involved in household purchases