The term authority refers to the rights inherent in a managerial position to give orders and expect the orders to be followed. Authority was a major concept for the classical management writers; they (1) it as the glue that held an organization together.It was to be delegated (2) to subordinate managers, (3) them certain rights while providing certain specified limits (4) which to operate. Each management position has certain rights that the position holder (5) just bemuse they hold that position. Authority (6) to one’s position within an organization and ignores the personal (7) of the individual manager. It has nothing directly (8) the individual (9) flows from the position that the individual holds. When a person (10) a position of authority, he or she no longer has any authority. The authority remains with the position and (11) new holder. When managers delegate authority, commensurate responsibility must be given (12) . That is, when one is given the "right" to do something, one also (13) a corresponding "obligation" to (14) . Allocating authority (15) responsibility can create (16) for a person, and no one should be (17) responsible for something (18) which he or she has no authority. Classical writers recognized the (19) of equating authority and responsibility.In (20) ,they stated that only authority could be delegated. They supported this contention by noting that the delegate was held responsible for the actions of the people to whom work had been delegated.
A. either
B. still
C. practically
D. as well
The term authority refers to the rights inherent in a managerial position to give orders and expect the orders to be followed. Authority was a major concept for the classical management writers; they (1) it as the glue that held an organization together.It was to be delegated (2) to subordinate managers, (3) them certain rights while providing certain specified limits (4) which to operate. Each management position has certain rights that the position holder (5) just bemuse they hold that position. Authority (6) to one’s position within an organization and ignores the personal (7) of the individual manager. It has nothing directly (8) the individual (9) flows from the position that the individual holds. When a person (10) a position of authority, he or she no longer has any authority. The authority remains with the position and (11) new holder. When managers delegate authority, commensurate responsibility must be given (12) . That is, when one is given the "right" to do something, one also (13) a corresponding "obligation" to (14) . Allocating authority (15) responsibility can create (16) for a person, and no one should be (17) responsible for something (18) which he or she has no authority. Classical writers recognized the (19) of equating authority and responsibility.In (20) ,they stated that only authority could be delegated. They supported this contention by noting that the delegate was held responsible for the actions of the people to whom work had been delegated. 19
A. danger
B. weakness
C. importance
D. connection
Like all the huge metropolises of the world, there are lots of diversions both outdoors and indoors in Chicago. The Art Institute of Chicago has one of the world’s (1) art collections, including more French Impressionist paintings than even in the Paris Louvre itself. The Field Museum of Natural History and the Museum of Science and Industry are also great historical and cultural treasure houses to (2) as well as entertain children and adults (3) In the Field Museum one comes (4) a surprisingly big collection of Chinese exhibits from the ancient (5) to the early century. The Sears Tower and the Buckingham Fountain are the pride of the Chicagoans; (6) having 110 storeys is said to be the highest tower in the world and the (7) is the largest fountain in the United States. Lake Michigan is for yachting in summer time, (8) the highlights of Chicago life all the year round are concerts, operas and plays (9) by the city’s orchestra, opera houses and theatres. In summer, especially around the Independence Day, July 4th, many festivals and fairs are given outdoors, which, (10) crowds and crowds of people, with their parades, fireworks, (11) concerts, water-skiing and good foods.But with all its attractions and beautiful spots Chicago is also a city (12) for crimes. All the dwelling houses are (13) with three doors and visitors have to speak through microphone (14) in the wall to the residents before they can get admitted. In the streets there are white-color telephones. When one finds oneself (15) , he needs only to knock the receiver (16) the hook and the next instant the police will (17) . If one does not drive a car, it may well be dangerous for him or her to go out alone in the evening. At first I did not take this warning seriously. (18) , my two encounters with the Black people (19) dusk in the neighborhood were so unpleasant and frightening that I have (20) shut myself evenings in my room, in almost all studying, imposing a curfew on myself. Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.9()
A. given
B. performed
C. conducted
D. acted
Parents can easily come down with an acute case of schizophrenia from reading the contradictory reports about the state of the public schools. One sat of experts asserts that the schools are better than they have been for years. Others say that the schools are in terrible shape and are responsible for every national problem from urban poverty to the trade deficit. One group of experts looks primarily at such indicators as test scores, and they cheer what they see: all the indicators—reading scores, minimum competency test results, the Scholastic Aptitude Test scores—are up, some by substantial margins. Students are required to take more academic courses—more mathematics and science, along with greater stress on basic skills, including knowledge of computers. More than 40 state legislatures have mandated such changes. But in the eyes of another set of school reformers such changes are at best superficial and at worst counterproductive. These experts say that merely toughening requirements, without either improving the quality of instruction or, even more important, changing the way schools are organized and children are taught makes the schools worse rather than better. They challenge the nature of the test, mostly multiple choice or true or false, by which children’s progress is measured; they charge that raising the test scores by drilling pupils to come up with the right answers does not improve knowledge, understanding and the capacity to think logically and independently. In addition, these critics fear that the get-tough approach to school reform will cause more of the youngsters at the bottom to give up and drop out. This, they say, may improve national scores but drain even further the nation’s pool of educated people. The way to cut through the confusion is to understand the different yardsticks used by different observers. Compared with what schools used to be like "in the good old days", with lots of drill and uniform requirements, and the expectation that many youngsters who could not make it would drop out and find their way into unskilled jobs--by those yardsticks the schools have measurably improved in recent years. But by the yardsticks of those experts who believe that the old school was deficient in teaching the skills needed in the modem world, today’ s schools have not become better. These educators believe that rigid new mandates may actually have made the schools worse. The word "yardstick" (Sentence 2, Paragraph 4) probably means______.
A. standard
B. opinion
C. angle
D. score