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马格纳国际公司(以下简称“马格纳”)是北美十大汽车制造厂之一。这家加拿大公司生产有4000种零配件,几乎为所有在美国设有工厂的大汽车制造商提供配件。马格纳的高层管理当局长期以来力求保持一种松散的结构,并给予各单位管理者充分的自主权。在80年代中期,该公司拥有1万多名员工,年销售额近10亿加元。员工们被组织到120个独立的企业中,每个企业都以自己的产品/品牌开展活动。马格纳的宗旨是,使各单位保持小规模(不超过200人)以鼓励创新精神和将责任完完全全地落实到工厂经理身上。当某个工厂揽到了超过其能力所能处理的业务时,马格纳不是扩大该工厂的规模,而是重新配置这样的一套生产设施,开办一个新企业。这种结构在整个80年代运作得相当好。10年内,总销售额增长了13倍。工厂经理们以接近完全自治的方式,大胆地扩展他们的业务。工厂经理们不仅可以享受自己工厂的盈利,而且还包括从他们业务中分离出去的新建企业的盈利。这样,不用公司出面干涉,工厂经理们就会主动设立新厂,向外举债,并与汽车制造商签订供货合同。但泡影在1990年破灭了。那时,汽车的销售量大幅下降,受扩张动机驱使的马格纳管理者给公司带来10亿美元的新债务。1990年,马格纳的销售额为16亿美元,而亏损达到了1.91亿美元,公司面临破产风险。1991年1月份,马格纳的股票价格跌到了每股2美元。然而,马格纳并没有破产,其高层管理当局果断采取措施,挽救了公司的命运。公司出售并关闭了近一半的工厂,将收回的现金用于清偿债务。留下的工厂进行了相应的整合,将相关产品/品牌进行归类,在此基础上成立若干公司,并委任各公司总裁统一管理本公司的业务。公司管理当局成功地使其生产的配件在福特的“金牛座”牌和丰田的“皇冠”牌这些流行轿车上获得更多的使用。到1992年,马格纳的销售额增加到20亿美元,盈利达到0.81亿美元。公司的股价已经回升到26美元以上。其高层管理当局声称,公司现在比80年代的业务更为集中,更重视控制,并禁止新的举债行为。要求: 简述马格纳在不同阶段所采用组织结构的优缺点;

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2002年,创业时的H公司,只生产风扇,需要的是当机立断的决策机制。当时采用直线式管理,简单直接、环节清晰。几年后H公司已经发展成为集团企业,直线式管理的弊端渐显。各个产品经营单位只埋头生产,整个集团的五大类、近千种产品统一由销售公司负责推广。产销脱节的矛盾使原有的市场优势渐渐失去。2008年,H集团开始了事业部制的体制改革试点,一年后,改革全面铺开。集团负责总体发展战略、产业发展取向、投资导向、资本经营和品牌经营,原有的五大类核心产品生产单位组建成五个事业部,实行开发、生产、销售、服务一体化,事业部自主权的充分落实带来了活力。各事业部由原先单纯的“生产型企业”变成了“市场型企业”,在市场经营中主动出击,快速反应。H集团副总裁陈先生描述道:实行事业部制以前,总裁一天到晚忙得焦头烂额,原材料没有了,找总裁;产品有次品,找总裁。总裁成了“大保姆”。改革后,高层干部把以往埋头拉车的时间,用来抬头看路了,从日常工作中解脱出来,有时间思考企业义比、经营方针等战略问题。要求: 简要分析H公司创业时采取的组织结构类型之所以是适宜的,并取得成功的原因。

Some Americans are a little nervous about the nation"s future, but others feel secure, knowing that the man they consider the most powerful person in the world isn"t going anywhere.Just who is this behind-the-scenes guy they think has more power than George W. Bush ever will He"s Alan Greenspan, a 74-year-old expert economist who heads the Federal Reserve, commonly known as the Fed. Unlike the president, who has to please the voters and compromise with Congress, Greenspan doesn"t have to answer to anyone.But that doesn"t mean his job is easy.Basically, Greenspan is in charge of keeping the nation"s economy stable. The economy is sort of like a balloon: blow in too much air, and it pops. But with too little air, it falls to the floor. Greenspan helps decide when to blow more air into the economy, In this case, the air in a balloon is the amount of money in the economy. Greenspan can make the economy grow by increasing the money supply, or keep the economy from inflating too much by decreasing the money supply. His goal is for the economy to grow and contract gradually. Rapid changes can harm businesses and consumers.After years of very high growth, the American economy is starting to slow down. Recently, corporations have been making less money and people are starting to have a harder time finding jobs. Greenspan is hoping to ease the economy into a soft landing. It"s just like to make the car come to a gentle stop instead of hitting a brick wall. If he succeeds, the country will avoid two possible problems: rising prices and high unemployment.At the Fed"s meeting, Greenspan and the other members decided that the economy was growing at an OK rate, but that there is a possibility of a serious slowdown, and in order to solve that, they could lower interest rates at the next meeting in an attempt to encourage people to borrow and spend,While there"s no way to know what they will decide, one thing is certain: the decisions that Greenspan and the Federal Reserve Board make will affect everyone who earns, borrows or spends money. According to the fourth paragraph, decreasing the money supply can keep the economy from ______.

A. developing too fast
B. growing too slowly
C. changing too rapidly
D. remaining too stable

下列哪种损伤最易引起肾功能衰竭_________

A. 肝破裂
B. 大面积烧伤
C. 多发性骨折
D. 肾破裂
E. 挤压伤

下列属于风险管理策略的组成部分的有______。

A. 风险偏好和风险承受度
B. 全而风险管理的有效性标准
C. 风险管理的工具选择
D. 风险管理的目标

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