In the United States, the first day nursery was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the (61) half of the 19th century; most of (62) were charitable. Both in Europe and in the U. S. , the day-nursery movement received great (63) during the First World War, when (64) of manpower caused the industrial employment of unprecedented (前所未有) numbers of women. In some European countries nurseries were established (65) in munitions (军火) plants, under direct government sponsorship. (66) the number of nurseries in the U.S. also rose (67) , this rise was accomplished without government aid of any kind. During the years following the First World War, (68) , Federal, State, and local governments gradually began to exercise a measure of control (69) the day nurseries, chiefly by (70) them and by inspecting and regulating the conditions within the nurseries. The (71) of the Second World War was quickly followed by an increase in the number of day nurseries in almost all countries, as women were (72) called upon to replace men in the factories. On this (73) the U. S. government immediately came to the support of the nursery schools, (74) $ 6,000,000 in July, 1942,for a nursery-school program for the children of working mothers. Many States and local communities (75) this Federal aid. By the end of the war, in August, 1945, more than 100,000 children were being cared (76) in day-care centers receiving Federal (77) . Soon afterward, the Federal government (78) cut down its expenditures for this purpose and later (79) them, causing a sharp drop in the number of nursery schools in operation. However, the expectation that most employed mothers would leave their (80) at the end of the war was only partly fulfilled.
A. outset
B. outbreak
C. breakthrough
D. breakdown
In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic (官僚主义的) management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and "human-relations" experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-collar and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management. The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings. Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’’s fellow competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness. Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century "free enterprise" capitalism Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of love and of reason-are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man. Why does promotion matter so much for those who have already acquired high social status
In the United States, the first day nursery was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the (61) half of the 19th century; most of (62) were charitable. Both in Europe and in the U. S. , the day-nursery movement received great (63) during the First World War, when (64) of manpower caused the industrial employment of unprecedented (前所未有) numbers of women. In some European countries nurseries were established (65) in munitions (军火) plants, under direct government sponsorship. (66) the number of nurseries in the U.S. also rose (67) , this rise was accomplished without government aid of any kind. During the years following the First World War, (68) , Federal, State, and local governments gradually began to exercise a measure of control (69) the day nurseries, chiefly by (70) them and by inspecting and regulating the conditions within the nurseries. The (71) of the Second World War was quickly followed by an increase in the number of day nurseries in almost all countries, as women were (72) called upon to replace men in the factories. On this (73) the U. S. government immediately came to the support of the nursery schools, (74) $ 6,000,000 in July, 1942,for a nursery-school program for the children of working mothers. Many States and local communities (75) this Federal aid. By the end of the war, in August, 1945, more than 100,000 children were being cared (76) in day-care centers receiving Federal (77) . Soon afterward, the Federal government (78) cut down its expenditures for this purpose and later (79) them, causing a sharp drop in the number of nursery schools in operation. However, the expectation that most employed mothers would leave their (80) at the end of the war was only partly fulfilled.
A. unanimously
B. sharply
C. predominantly
D. militantly
软件生存周期包括软件定义、 【2】 、软件使用和维护三个阶段。