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Traditional semantics also studies [填空1], but it does not put a word or sentence in[填空2] of use. Pragmatics is different, studying meaning in [填空3].

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A sentence is a [填空1] concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract, [填空2] property of the sentence. But if we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an [填空3], and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered.

The Performative Hypothesis was proposed by Oxford philosopher [填空1], in a series of lectures titled How to Do Things with Words, published in 1962.

In the study of functions of English sentences, Austin classified English sentences into two types: [填空1] and [填空2]. The former refer to the statements that either state a [填空3] or describe a state of affairs. The latter refer to the sentences the uttering of which is, or part of, the [填空4] of an action.

The Performative Hypothesis assumes that language is not only used to inform or [填空1]things, it is often used to “do things”, to perform acts, or is part of the [填空2] of an action. Without the utterance, the action cannot be carried out.