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Financing College Training High school students who, after graduation, would like to continue their education are frequently faced with many problems in financing college training. Free education is not so wide-spread at the college level (51) at the elementary and (52) school levels. There is usually a charge for (53) . In addition, for most students, going to college means living away from home, an expensive matter. (54) , then, can be done by a student who finds that he must help to finance himself if he is to (55) his education beyond high school There are several (56) Scholarships are sometimes available. These are usually (57) partly on the basis of high grades. Therefore the day-to day work in high school may be very important for determining one’s (58) of help from this source. Another (59) of help is the college loan fund, which is established for the (60) of providing loans to (61) students. A third plan is that of working one’s way through school. Work may involve (62) a part-time job outside the college. Sometimes it means (63) professors in laboratory work, library work, or office (64) . Sometimes it means performing some (65) which the student body requires, such as helping in the preparation and serving of meals, working in college stores, and the like.
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The Mir Space Station The Russian Mir Space Station, which came down in 2001 at last after 15 years of pioneering the concept of long-term human space flight, is remembered for its accomplishments in the human space flight history. It can be credited with many firsts in space. During Mir’s lifetime, Russia spent about USS 4.2 billion to build and maintain the station. The Soviet Union launched Mir, which was designed to last from three to five years, on February 20, 1986, and housed 104 astronauts over 12 years and seven months, most of whom were not Russian. In fact, it became the first international space station by playing host to 62 people from 11 countries. From 1995 through 1998, seven astronauts from the United States took turns living on Mir for up to six months each. They were among the 37 Americans who visited the station during nine stopovers by space shuttles. The more than 400 million the United States provided Russian for the visits not only kept Mir operating, but also gave the Americans and their partners in the international station project valuable experience in long-term flight and multinational operations. A debate continues over Mir’s contributions to science. During its existence, Mir was the laboratory for 23,000 experiments and carried scientific equipment, estimated to be worth $ 80 million, from many nations. Experiments on Mir are credited with a range of findings, from the first solid measurement of the ration of heavy helium atoms in space to how to grow wheat in space. But for those favoring human space exploration, Mir showed that people could live and work in space long enough for a trip to Mars. The longest single stay in space is the 437.7 days that Russian astronaut Valery Polyakov spent on Mir from 1994 to 1995. And Sergie Avdeyev accumulated 747.6 days in space in three trips to the space station. The longest American stay was that of Shannon Lucid, who spent 188 days aboard Mir in 1996. Despite the many firsts Mir accomplished, 1997 was a bad year out of 15 for Mir. In 1997, an oxygen generator ’caught fire. Later, the main computer system broke down, causing the station to drift several times and there were power failures. Most of these problems were repaired, with American help and suppliers, but Mir’s reputation as a space station was mined. Mir’s setbacks are nothing, though, when we compare them with its accomplishments. Mir was a tremendous success, which will be remembered as a milestone in space exploration and the space station that showed long-term human habitation in space was possible. But it’s time to move on to the next generation. The International Space Station being built will be better, but it owes a great debt to Mir. Paragraph 6 ______
The Forbidden Apple New York used to be the city that never sleeps. These days it’s the city that never smokes, drinks or does anything naughty(at least, not in public). The Big Apple is quickly turning into the Forbidden Apple. If you wanted a glass of wine with your picnic in Central Park, could you have one No chance. Drinking alcohol in public isn’t allowed. If you decided to feed the birds with the last crumbs(碎屑)of your sandwich, you could be arrested. It’s illegal. If you went to a bar for a drink and a cigarette, that would be OK, wouldn’t it Er...no. You can’t smoke in public in New York City. What’s going on Why is the city that used to be so open-minded becoming like this The mayor of New York is behind it all. He has brought in a whole lot of new laws to stop citizens from doing what they want, when they want. The press are shocked. Even the New York police have joined the argument. They recently spent $ 100,000 on a "Don’t blame the cop’ campaign. One New York police officer said, "We raise money for the city by giving people fines for breaking some very stupid laws. It’s all about money. " The result is a lot of fines for minor offences. Yoav Kashida, an Israeli tourist, fell asleep on the subway. When he woke up, wo police officers fined him because he had fallen asleep on two seats(you mustn’t use two seats in the subway). Elle and Serge Schroitman were fined for blocking a driveway with their car. It was their own driveway. The angry editor of Vanity Fair magazine, Graydon Carter. says, "Under New York City law it is acceptable to keep a gun in your place of work, but not an empty ashtray. "He should know. The police came to his office and took away his ashtray(烟灰缸). But not all of New York’s inhabitants are complaining. Marcia Dugarry, 72, said, "The city has changed for the better. If more cities had these laws, America would be a better place to live. "Nixon Patotkis, 38, a barman, said , "I like the new laws. If people smoked in here, we’d go home smelling of cigarettes. " Recent figures show that New York now has fewer crimes per 100,000 people than 193 other US cities. And it’s true—it’s safer, cleaner and more healthy than before. But let’s be honest—who goes to New York for its clean streets The editor of Vanity Fair magazine thinks some of the new laws are stupid.
Teaching Poetry No poem should ever be discussed or "analyzed", until it has been read aloud by someone, teacher or student. Better still, perhaps, is the practice of reading it twice, once at the beginning of the discussion and once at the end, so the sound of the poem is the last thing one hears of it. All discussions of poetry are, in fact, preparations for reading it aloud, and the reading of the poem is, finally, the most telling "interpretation" of it, suggesting tone, rhythm, and meaning all at once. Hearing a poet read the work in his or her own voice, on records or on film, is obviously a special reward. But even those aids to teaching can not replace the student and teacher reading it or, best of all, reciting (背诵) it. I have come to think, in fact, that time spent reading a poem aloud is much more important than "analyzing" it, if there isn’t time for both. I think one of our goals as teachers of English is to have students love poetry. Poetry is "a criticism of life", and "a heightening (提升) of life". It is "an approach to the truth of feeling", and it "can save your life". It also deserves a place in the teaching of language and literature more central than it presently occupies. I am not saying that every English teacher must teach poetry. Those who don’t like it should not be forced to put that dislike on anyone else. But those who do teach poetry must keep in mind a few things about its essential nature, about its sound as well as its sense, and they must make room in the classroom for hearing poetry as well as thinking about it. What does the last sentence in the third paragraph imply
The Unpaid Intern, Legal or NotWith job openings scarce for young people, the number of unpaid internships has climbed in recent years, leading federal and state regulators to worry that more employers are illegally using such internships for free labor.Convinced that many unpaid internships violate minimum wage laws, officials in Oregon, California and other states have begun investigations and fined employers. Last year, M. Patricia Smith, then New York’s labor commissioner, ordered investigations into several firms’ internships. Now, as the federal Labor Department’s top law enforcement official, she and the wage and hour division are stepping up enforcement nationwide.Many regulators say that violations are widespread, but that it is unusually hard to mount a major enforcement effort because interns are often afraid to file complaints. Many fear they will become known as troublemakers in their chosen field, endangering their chances with a potential future employer.The Labor Department says it is cracking down on firms that fail to pay interns properly and expanding efforts to educate companies, colleges and students on the law regarding internships.Nancy J. Leppink, the acting director of the department’s wage and hour division, said many employers failed to pay even though their internships did not comply with the six federal legal criteria that must be satisfied for internships to be unpaid. Among those criteria are that the internship should be similar to the training given in a vocational school or academic institution, that the intern does not displace regular paid workers and that the employer "derives no immediate advantage" from the intern’s activities — in other words, it’s largely a benevolent (慈善的) contribution to the intern.No one keeps official count of how many paid and unpaid internships there are, but Lance Choy, director of the Career Development Center at Stanford University, sees definitive evidence that the number of unpaid internships is mushrooming — fueled by employers’ desire to hold down costs and students’ eagerness to gain experience for their resumes.In 2008, the National Association of Colleges and Employers found that 50 percent of graduating students had held internships, up from 17 percent in 1992. This means hundreds of thousands of students hold internships each year; some experts estimate that one-fourth to one-half are unpaid.In California, officials have issued guidance letters advising employers whether they are breaking the law, while Oregon regulators have unearthed numerous abuses."We’ve had cases where unpaid interns really were displacing workers and where they weren’t being supervised in an educational capacity," said Bob Estabrook, spokesman for Oregon’s labor department. His department recently handled complaints involving two individuals at a solar panel company who received $3,350 in back pay after claiming that they were wrongly treated as unpaid interns.Many students said they had held internships that involved noneducational menial (卑贱的) work. To be sure, many internships involve some unskilled work, but when the jobs are mostly drudgery, regulators say, it is clearly illegal not to pay interns.One Ivy League student said she spent an unpaid three-month internship at a magazine packaging and shipping 20 or 40 apparel samples a day back to fashion houses that had provided them for photo shoots.At-Little Airplane, a Manhattan children’s film company, an N.Y.U. student who hoped to work in animation during her unpaid internship said she was instead assigned to the facilities department and ordered to wipe the door handles each day to minimize the spread of swine flu. Tone Thyne, a senior producer at Little Airplane, said its internships were usually highly educational and often led to good jobs.Concerned about the effect on their future job prospects, some unpaid interns declined to give their names or to name their employers when they described their experiences in interviews.While many colleges are accepting more moderate- and low-income students to increase economic mobility, many students and administrators complain that the growth in unpaid internships undercuts that effort by favoring well-to-do and well-connected (出身名门的) students, speeding their climb up the career ladder.Many less affluent students say they cannot afford to spend their summers at unpaid internships, and in any case, they often do not have an uncle who can connect them to a prestigious internship.Brittany Berckes, an Amherst senior who interned at a cable news station that she declined to identify, said her parents were not delighted that she worked a summer unpaid. "Some of my friends can’t take these internships and spend a summer without making any money because they have to help pay for their own tuition or help their families with finances," she said. "That makes them less competitive candidates for jobs after graduation."Of course, many internships — paid or unpaid — serve as valuable steppingstones that help young people land future jobs. "Internships have become the gateway into the white-collar work force." said Ross Perlin, a Stanford graduate and onetime unpaid intern who is writing a book on the subject. "Employers increasingly want experience for entry-level jobs, and many students see the only way to get that is through unpaid internships."Trudy Steinfeld, director of N.Y.U.’s Office of Career Services, said she had to ride herd on employers to make sure their unpaid internships were educational. She said some industries, most notably film, were known for unpaid internships, but she said other industries were embracing the practice, seeing its advantages.Dana John, an N.Y.U. senior, spent an unpaid summer at a company that books musical talent, spending much of her days photocopying, filing and responding to routine e-mail messages for her boss. "It would have been nice to be paid, but at this point, it’s so expected of me to do this for free," she said. "If you want to be in the music industry that’s the way it works. If you want to get your foot in the door somehow, this is the easiest way to do it. You suck it up."The rules for unpaid interns are less strict for non-profit groups like charities because people are allowed to do volunteer work for non-profits.California and some other states require that interns receive college credit as a condition of being unpaid. But federal regulators say that receiving college credit does not necessarily flee companies from paying interns, especially when the internship involves little training and mainly benefits the employer.Many employers say the Labor Department’s six criteria need updating because they are based on a Supreme Court decision from 1947, when many apprenticeships were for blue-collar production work.Camille A. Olson, a lawyer based in Chicago who represents many employers, said: "One criterion that is hard to meet and needs updating is that the intern can not perform any work to the immediate advantage of the employer. In my experience, many employers agreed to hire interns because there is very strong mutual advantage to both the worker and the employer."Kathyrn Edwards, a researcher at the Economic Policy Institute and co-author of a new study on internships, told of a female intern who brought a sexual harassment complaint that was dismissed because the intern was not an employee."A serious problem surrounding unpaid interns is they are often not considered employees and therefore are not protected by employment discrimination laws," she said. What can we know about the six federal legal criteria on unpaid internships（）
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