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A major reason for (21) in the animal world is territory. The male animal establishes an area. The size of the area is sufficient to provide food for him, his (22) and their offspring. Migrating birds, for example, (23) up the best territory in the order of" first come, first (24) . "The late arrivals may acquire larger territories, but less food is (25) ,or they are too close to the (26) of the enemies of the species. (27) there is really insufficient food or the danger is very great, the animal will not mate. In this way, the members of the species which are less fit will not have (28) .When there is conflict (29) territory, animals will commonly use force, or (30) of force, to decide which will stay and which will go. It is interesting to note, however, that animals seem to use the (31) amount of force necessary to drive away the (32) . There is usually no killing. In tile case of those animals which are (33) of doing each other great harm, there is a system for the (34) animal to show the winning animal that he wishes to (35) . When he shows this, the (36) normally stops fighting. Animals especially birds, which can easily escape from conflict seem to have no obstacle against killing, equally no mechanism (37) submission. The defeated bird simply flies away. However, if two doves are (38) in a cage, and they start fighting, they will continue to fight until one kills the other. We all think of the dove as a (39) of peace and, in its natural habitat,it is peaceful. But the" peace "mechanism does not (40) in a cage. 29().
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The two old debates are significant because.
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" Progress" was the watchword(口号) of the first two decades of the 20th Century. World-wide attempts to deal with rapid industrial growth brought changes in technology, ideas, and political and social institutions that were to shape the century.Advances in communication: the telegraph, radio, motion pictures, sped knowledge of events throughout cities and rural areas. Airplanes and automobiles widened the geographic boundaries of people’s lives. In December 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully flew the first powered heavier-than-air vehicle. In 1908 Henry Ford introduced his Model-T, a mass-produced automobile available at the affordable price of $ 850. In 1920, KDKA broadcast the first radio reporting of presidential election results.The Progressives who held political control in the US throughout the period worked to increase democratic participation in the government and other institutions. Through their social reform movements, they attempted to improve people’s lives by advocating prohibition of alcoholic beverages, the regulation of working conditions, and the improvement of living conditions. The booming cities were populated by immigrants who saw America as the land of opportunity. Immigration to the US reached its peak in 1907 with 12, 000 arrivals a day, but would continue to be an issue for Americans until the end of the century. Prohibition, legalized by the 18th Amendment in 1919, would challenge law enforcement officials into 1930s.Both Republican and Democratic parties pursued a progressive agenda from 1900 through 1920. Republicans Theodore Roosevelt and William H. Taft pressed for democratic reforms in local, state and national government, restrictions on business monopolies, and advocated social and economic benefits for American citizens. Democrat Woodrow Wilson advocated reforms in banking, tariffs, trusts and labor and sought the development of democracy internationally.Government and business became more democratic. Big business was a negative and positive force for change; industry’s treatment of workers created the pressure for labor reform; municipal governments modeled their management structures on business organizations. President Theodore Roosevelt led a campaign to" bust the trusts". On May 15,1911, the Supreme Court dissolved the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company.The people became more directly involved with government. The passage of the 17th Amendment to the Constitution in 1913 provided/’or the popular election of Senators. Women lobbied for and won a voice in government with the passage of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution on August 8,1920. What can be concluded as the remarkable characteristic of the first twenty years of the 20th century()
A newly published AIDS study could open another front in the battle against HIV infection by showing that gene therapy can be used to stop infected cells from spreading the deadly virus, researchers said.In a test-tube experiment believed to be the first of its kind, researchers based at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia were able to block the operation of the" tat "gene that allows HIV to spread throughout the body from infected cells.Up to now, genetic AIDS research has concentrated on finding ways to help healthy cells withstand the ravages of the HIV virus that infects an estimated 16, 000 new victims a day, mainly in the developing world.But by working with human cells already infected with HIV, the team was able to reduce the tat gene’s virus-replicating functions by 80 percent to 90 percent, according to findings published in the journal Gene Therapy.That, researchers said, raises the possibility of a new gene therapy approach capable of supplementing the current drug-based treatment known as highly active anti-retroviral therapy, or HAART, which is used to stop HIV infection from becoming full-blown AIDS.In recent studies, HAART has proved to be a costly drug regimen that poses serious side effects for HIV patients while delivering questionable results."This is proof of the concept that HIV replication could be inhibited by a genetic approach, though we’re not at 100 percent yet, "said Dr. Stuart Starr, a study coauthor and chief of immunologic infectious diseases at Children’s Hospital."Everyone thinks of an antiviral approach, or an immunologic approach to HIV. This adds another option into the equation that could become more important as other options prove not to be totally successful."Key to the study was an artificially produced" antitat" gene provided by the Washington-based Research Institute for Genetic and Human Therapy.Children’s Hospital researchers used a mouse retrovirus to deliver the antitat gene into HIV-infected U-1 and ACH-2 cells, which were developed in the lab from the tissues of living HIV patients.They found that when the antitat protein combined with the tat gene, it successfully inhibited the gene’s operation without disturbing healthy cells or causing toxic side-effects.The study, funded by a private foundation, also found that the introduction of the antitat gene prolonged the survival of immune-system cells called CD4 + T lymphocytes.Start said researchers have entered preliminary discussions with a New England-based primate center ,where animal experiments could be carried out on infected macaque monkeys.If animal experiments proved successful, the Children’s Hospital team would hope to have a gene therapy treatment ready for human clinical trials in three to four years. According to Dr. Stuart Starr,().
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