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以问题为基础的教学法实现基础学科以______为定向的课程安排，在教学计划中大幅度增加学生的自学和讨论时间。
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某商业企业（一般纳税人），2005年10月发生下列业务：（1）当月采购各种货物，取得防伪税控系统增值税专用发票，合计注明销售额300万元，增值税额51万元，在采购、销售过程中合计发生运费10万元，已取得符合规定的运输发票。以上凭证当月均通过税务机关认证并申请抵扣。（2）当月销售货物，开具专用发票，注明销售额500万元，开具普通发票，注明销售额300万元（含金银首饰以旧换新实际收到的价款10万元，新首饰的价格30万元）。（3）当月取得A厂家按照2004年其生产的电冰箱销售额10%返还收入20万元，取得B厂家返还的2004年电视机展示费用和促销费用10万元。（4）当月开业的台球馆取得票价收入85000元，销售香烟取得收入3000元，销售饮料取得收入1000元，销售毛巾等日用品取得收入1000元，将台球馆的一间办公室出租给个人卖饮料，本月取得租金为5000元；本月支付工作人员工资10000元，设备维修费4000元，购进两台税控收款机取得普通发票，注明价款2340元。本月所获得的有关票据均通过税务机关的认证并于当月申报扣除。要求：根据以上资料，按以下顺序回答问题：（1）计算当月可以抵扣的进项税额；（2）计算当月台球馆应纳的营业税额；（3）计算当月应纳的增值税额；（4）计算当月应纳的营业税额。
罗杰斯把教师看作是学习的______和学习资源的提供者，是可以与学生分享感觉和知识的人。
Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers, whereas the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all. We do not know who first set a broken leg, or launched a seaworthy boat, or calculated the length of the year, or manured a field; but we know all about the killers and destroyers. People think a great deal of them, so much so that on all the highest pillars in the great cities of the world you will find the figure of a conqueror or a general or a soldier. And I think most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors. It is just possible they are, but they are not the most civilized. Animals fight; so do savages; hence to be good at fighting is to be good in the way in which an animal or a savage is good, but it is not to be civilized. Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently—this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done—is not being civilized. People fight to settle quarrels.’ Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some way of settling their disputes other than by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that that side which has killed most has worn And not only has won, but, because it has won, has been in the right. For that is what going to war means; it means saying that might is right. That is what the story of mankind has on the whole been like. Even our own age has fought the two greatest wars in history, in which millions of people were killed or mutilated. And while today it is true that people do not fight and kill each other in the streets—while, that is to say, we have got to the stage of keeping the rules and behaving properly to each other in daily life—nations and countries have not learnt to do this yet, and still behave like savages. But we must not expect too much. After all, the race of men has only just started. From the point of view of evolution, human beings are very young children indeed, babies, in fact, of a few months old. Scientists reckon that there has been life of some sort on the earth in the form of jellyfish and that kind of creature for about twelve hundred million years; but there have been men for only one million years, and there have been civilized men for about eight thousand years at the outside. These figures are difficult to grasp; so let us scale them down. Suppose that we reckon the whole past of living creatures on the earth as one hundred years; then the whole past of man works out at about one month, and during that month there have been civilizations for between seven and eight hours. So you see there has been little time to learn in, but there will be oceans of time in which to learn better. Taking man’s civilized past at about seven or eight hours, we may estimate his future, that is to say, the whole period between now and when the sun grows too cold to maintain life any longer on the earth, at about one hundred thousand years. Thus mankind is only at the beginning of its civilized life, and as I say, we must not expect too much. The past of man has been on the whole a pretty beastly business, a business of fighting and bullying and gorging and grabbing and hurting. We must not expect even civilized peoples not to have done these things. All we can ask is that they will sometimes have done something else. In the author’s opinion, the countries that ruled over a large number of other countries are
The history of modem pollution problems shows that most have resulted from negligence and ignorance. We have an appalling tendency to interfere with nature before all of the possible consequences of our actions have been studied in depth. We produce and distribute radioactive substances, synthetic chemicals and many other potent compounds before fully comprehending their effects on living organisms. Our education is dangerously incomplete. It will be argued that the purpose of science is to move into unknown territory, to explore, and to discover. It can be said that similar risks have been taken before, and that these risks are necessary to technological progress. These arguments overlook an important element. In the past, risks taken in the name of scientific progress were restricted to a small place and brief period of time. The effects of the processes we now strive to master are neither localized nor brief. Air pollution covers vast urban areas. Ocean pollutants have been discovered in nearly every part of the world. Synthetic chemicals spread over huge stretches of forest and farmland may remain in the soil for decades and years to come. Radioactive pollutants will be found in the biosphere for generations. The size and persistence of these problems have grown with the expanding power of modern science. One might also argue that the hazards of modem pollutants are small compared with the dangers associated with other human activity. No estimate of the actual harm done by smog, fallout, or chemical residues can obscure the reality that the risks are being taken before being fully understood. The importance of these issues lies in the failure of science to predict and control human intervention into natural processes. The true measure of the danger is represented by the hazards we will encounter if we enter the new age of technology without first evaluating our responsibility to environment. Which of the following adjectives may best describe the tone of this text
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