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案例分析题某机电设备安装公司承包了一台带换热段的分离塔和附属容器、工艺管道的安装工程。合同约定，分离塔由安装公司制造或订货，建设单位提供制造图样。由于该塔属压力容器，安装公司不具备压力容器制造和现场组焊资格，故向某具备资格的容器制造厂订货。安装公司为了抢工期，未办理任何手续，在分离塔运抵现场卸车后，直接就吊装就位，并进行后续的配管工程。在工程实施过程中，出现了以下事件：事件1：管道系统压力试验中，塔进、出口管道上的多个阀门发生泄漏。检查施工记录，该批由建设单位供货的阀门在安装前未进行试验。安装公司拆卸阀门并处理完后重新试压合格，工期比原计划延误6d。安装单位就工期延误造成的损失向建设单位索赔，遭到建设单位拒绝。事件2：在联动试运行中，分离塔换热段管板与接管连接的多处焊缝泄漏，试运行中止。安装单位对塔泄漏处进行了补焊处理后，再次启动试运行，而塔的原漏点泄漏更加严重，不得不再次停止试运行。分析事故原因，确定是由分离塔质量问题引起，但未查到分离塔的出厂质量证明文件和现场交接记录。由于分离塔待修停工，使该项目推迟竣工投产2个月。为此，建设单位要求安装单位承担质量责任并赔偿全部经济损失。问题 阀门安装前应由哪个单位进行何种试验？该管道使用的阀门试验的比例是多少？
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案例分析题某机电设备安装公司承担了理工大学建筑面积为2万平方米的图书馆工程的通风空调系统施工任务。该工程共有S1～S6六个集中式全空气空调系统，空调风系统设计工作压力为600Pa。空气处理机组均采用带送风机段的组合式空调机，由安装公司采购并组成项目部承担安装任务。风管系统安装完毕后，严密性试验采用漏光法检测合格。当施工进入空调系统调试阶段时，系统出现三个问题：①空气处理机组运转时晃动；②S1系统调试中在风管所有阀门全开情况下，实测送入空调区风量小于设计风量且相差较大，而该系统风机出口风量实测值符合设计要求；③空气处理机组冷却水进出管路上的阀门有滴水，经检查这两个阀门未保冷但无漏水。针对上述问题，施工单位采取了整改措施后才使系统调试合格。空调系统调试完成后，按施工质量验收程序进行了施工质量验收工作。问题 按照建筑工程项目划分标准，该通风空调系统应划分为图书馆工程的什么工程？该工程的施工质量验收程序是什么？
场景（七）某建筑公司中标了一个房建工程，该工程地上三层，地下一层，现浇混凝土框架结构，自拌C30混凝土，内隔墙采用加气混凝土砌块，双坡屋面，防水材料为3厚SBS防水卷材，外墙为玻璃幕墙。生产技术科编制了安全专项施工方案和环境保护方案。一层混凝土浇捣时，项目部针对现场自拌混凝土容易出现强度等级不够的质量通病，制定了有效的防治措施。一层楼板混凝土浇筑完毕后，质检人员发现木工班组不按规定拆模。根据场景（七），作答下列题目： 针对现场自拌混凝土容易出现强度等级偏低，不符合设计要求的质量通病，项目部制定了下列防治措施，正确的有（）。
Sharks Perform a Service for Earth’s Waters It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy. They are thought to (51) people frequently. Although these fish perform a valuable (52) for earth’s waters and for human beings, business and sport fishing are threatening their (53) . As a result, some sharks are at risk of disappearing from Earth. Warm weather may influence both fish and shark (54) . Many fish swim near coastal areas because of their (55) waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas, (56) people also swim. In fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person (57) a sea animal, such as a seal (海豹) or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up, because those are the times when sharks are looking for (58) . Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry (珠宝) may cause sharks to attack. A shark has an extremely ’good sense of (59) , with which it can find small amounts of substances in water, such as blood, body liquids and chemicals (60) by animals. These powerful senses help sharks find their food. Sharks eat fish, any (61) sharks, and plants that live in the ocean. Medical researchers want to learn more about the shark’s body defense and immune (免疫的) (62) against disease. Researchers know that sharks (63) quickly from injuries. They study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease. Sharks are important for the world’s oceans, as they eat injured and diseased fish. Their (64) activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too (65) . This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.
Water-the Issue of This Century The world is running short of fresh water. Populations are growing bigger and Thirstier(渴的), with the result that freshwater is becoming increasingly scarce (缺乏). Half the world’s wetlands have disappeared during the last century, while estimates suggest that water use will rise by 50% in the next 30 years. The World Bank report estimates that as much as half of the world’s population, concentrated in Africa, the Middle East and south Asia, will face ’severe water shortages’ by 2025. Local water conflicts and the loss of freshwater ecosystems appear large in some regions. A similar picture emerges from the globe’s salt water regions. Three-quarters of the world’s people may live within 100km of the sea in 2025, putting even more pressure on stretched coastal ecosystems. Two thirds of fisheries (渔业) are exploited at or beyond their sustainable limits, and half the world’s coral reefs (珊瑚礁) may perish in 100 years. Almost 60% of coral reefs and 34% of fish species are at risk from human activities, the Bank says. The report concludes that there is ample evidence to justify immediate and coordinated action to safeguard supplies and use water more efficiently. Fresh water consumption is rising quickly, and the availability of water in some regions is likely to become one of the most pressing issues of the 21st century. A third of the world’s population - around two billion people - live in countries that are experiencing moderate to high water shortages. That proportion could rise to half or more in the next 30 years unless institutions (制度) change to ensure better conservation and allocation of water. China is one country where the portents (征兆) are gloomy. The most water-stressed country in East Asia, China is exploiting 44% of its usable water, a figure projected to rise to 60% by 2020. Primary withdrawal of water of more than 60% is widely considered by water experts to exceed the environmental carrying capacity of a river basin system. Although China’s total use appears still to be reasonable, it has several basins that are severely stressed environmentally. Withdrawals exceed environmental limits in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and will exceed them in India by 2020. In the Middle East and North Africa, only Morocco has unexploited water resources. The rest have exceeded environmental limits and many are mining aquifers (蓄水层) - bodies of water-bearing rock - the report says. It is estimated that water use will rise by 50% in the next 30 years.
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