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Through necessity, Japan has adopted the bicycle as an essential component of transportation. The island nation’s limited geography, high density and lack of petroleum makes it an ideal location for small, efficient bicycles. 46) The destruction of Japan’s infrastructure during the second world war forced citizens to employ non-motorized means of transportation until the nation’s high speed railways were developed in the 1950s. With renewed infrastructure in place, the Japanese were quick to reject bicycling and its post-war reconstruction connotations and took to riding collector buses to and from railway stations. The bus system began to be overburdened in the late 1960s and riders began to find the system slow, expensive and inconvenient.47) The disincentives of bus travel and surging environmental concerns associated with motorized travel initiated a shift in public opinion in favor of bicycling and bike ownership began to grow at 10% annually. Bicycles inundated railway stations and caused a bike pollution problem, inciting the Ministry of Transportation and Ministry of Construction to take action and build 22, 000 bicycle parking spaces in 1973. Japanese bike ownership doubled between 1975 and 1977, demanding additional construction projects in 1978.The Japanese government recognized that bike travel was favorable to other modes of transport for many reasons. Biking requires no petroleum and cyclists consume only 32 calories per mile compared to automobiles’ 1, 800 cal/m demand. Cyclists’ respiration contribute a scant 2 grams of carbon dioxide per passenger mile, while single-occupancy automobile emits 85 Co2 grams per mile. 48) On the road, eight cyclists can occupy the space needed for one automobile and when stopped, twenty bikes can be parked where there is space for just one automobile. These advantages prompted the government to consider other ways to promote bike travel including considerable urban design changes and the addition of 37, 000 miles of bike/pedestrian pathways during the 1970s. From an energy, pollution and density standpoint, the bicycle is more efficient that any other mode of short-trip travel. 49) Because commuters are reluctant to pedal more than about four miles, railway stations are located near residential areas to that commuters will be willing to pedal to the nearest train stop; innovations in high-density bicycle parking offers travelers in the busiest stations safe, fully automated mechanical storage facilities. Construction of the most expensive facilities cost $ 2, 000 per bike, compared to $ 4, 000 to $ 18, 000 for a single automobile parking space in the United States. 50) Japanese investments in bicycle infrastructure are offset by savings in subsidized bus systems as bicycle growth has surpassed bus rider ship growth; at some railway stations, more than 50% of commuters arrive by bike. Japanese investments in bicycle infrastructure are offset by savings in subsidized bus systems as bicycle growth has surpassed bus rider ship growth; at some railway stations, more than 50% of commuters arrive by bike.
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收款凭证左上角的“借方科目”按收款的性质填写“______”或“银行存款”。
Directions:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41—45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A—G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.[A] The strain of HIV that was discovered in Sydney intrigues scientists because it contains striking abnormalities in a gene that is believed to stimulate viral duplication. In fact, the virus is missing so much of this particular gene-known as nef, for negative factor—that it is hard to imagine how the gene could perform any useful function. And sure enough, while the Sydney virus retains the ability to infect T cells—white blood cells that are critical to the immune system’s ability to ward off infection—it makes so few copies of itself that the most powerful molecular tools can barely detect its presence.[B] If this speculation proves right, it will mark a milestone in the battle to contain the late-20th century’s most terrible epidemic. For in addition to explaining why this small group of people infected with HIV has not become sick, the discovery of a viral strain that works like a vaccine would have far reaching implications. "What these results suggest," says Dr. Barney Graham of Tennessee’s Vanderbilt University, "is that HIV is vulnerable and that it is possible to stimulate effective immunity against it."[C] But as six years stretched to 10, then to 14, the anxiety of health officials gave way to astonishment. Although two of the recipients have died from other causes, not one of the man’s contaminated blood has come down with AIDS. More telling still, the donor is also healthy. In fact his immune system remains as robust as if he had never tangled with HIV at all. What could explain such unexpected good fortune[D] At the very least, the nef gene offers an attractive target for drug developers. If its activity can be blocked, suggests Deacon, researchers might be able to bring the progression of disease under control, even in people who have developed full blown AIDS. The need for better AIDS-fighting drugs was underscored last week by the actions of a U. S. Food and Drug Administration advisory panel, which recommended speedy approval of two new AIDS drugs. Although FDA commissioner David Kessler was quick to praise the new drugs, neither medication can prevent or cure AIDS once it has taken hold. What scientists really want is a vaccine that can prevent infection altogether. And that’s what makes the Sydney virus so promising and so controversial.[E] A team of Australian scientists has finally solved the mystery. The virus that the donor contracted and then passed on, the team reported last week in the journal Science, contains flaws in its genetic script that appear to have rendered it harmless. "Not only have the recipients and the donor not progressed to disease for 15 years," marvels molecular biologist Nicholas Deacon of Australia’s Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research, "but the prediction is that they never will." Deacon speculates that this "impotent" HIV may even be a natural inoculant that protects its carriers against more virulent strains of the virus.[F] But few scientists are enthusiastic about testing the proposition by injecting HIV however weakened—into millions of people who have never been infected. After all, they note, HIV is a retrovirus, a class of infectious agents known for their alarming ability to integrate their own genes into the DNA of the cells they infect. Thus once it takes effect, a retrovirus infection is permanent.[G] About 15 years ago, a well-meaning man donated blood to the Red Cross in Sydney, Australia, not knowing he has been exposed to HIV-1, the virus that causes AIDS. Much later, public health officials learned that some of the people who got transfusions containing his blood had become infected with the same virus; presumably they were almost sure to die.Order: 43
案例分析题小张是一名大学生，即将本科毕业，到底是直接参加工作，还是继续读研究生，是一个两难的选择，请根据人力资本投资的有关指示，对以下问题加以分析； 根据以上材料回答下列问题： 与小张相比，年纪大的人会更不愿意投资于人力资本，原因在于（）。
编制试算平衡表时，包括只有期初余额而没有本期发生额的账户。( )
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