题目内容
When you close your eyes and try to think of the shape of your own body, what you imagine (or, rather, what you feel) is quite different from what you see when you open your eyes and look in the mirror. The image you feel is much vaguer than the one you see. And if you lie still, it is quite hard to imagine yourself as having any particular size of shape. When you move, when you feel the weight of your arms and legs and the natural resistance of the objects around you, the "felt image" of yourself starts to become clearer. It is almost as if it were created by your own actions and the sensations they cause. The image you make for yourself has rather strange proportions: certain parts feel much larger than they look. If you poke your tongue into a hole in one of your teeth, it feels enormous; you are often surprised by how small it looks when you inspect it in the mirror. But although the "felt image" may not have the exact shape you see in the mirror, it is much more important. It is the image through which you recognize your physical existence in the world. In spite of its strange proportions, it is all one piece, and since it has a consisent right and felt and top and bottom, it allows you to locate new sensations when they occur. It allows you to find nose in the dark, scratch itches and point to pain. If the felt image is damaged for any reason—if it is cut in half or lost, as it often is after certain strokes which wipe out recognition of one entire side—these tasks become almost impossible. What is more, it becomes hard to make sense of one’s own visual appearance. If one half of the felt image is wiped out or injured, the patient stops recognizing the affected of his body. It is hard for him to find the location of sensation on that side, and, although he fells doctor’s touch, he locates it as being on the undamaged side. He loses his ability to accept the affected side as part of his body even when he can see it. If you throw him a pair of gloves and ask him to put them on, he will only glove one hand and leave the other bear. And yet he had had to use the left hand in order to glove the right. The fact that he can see the ungloved hand doesn’t seem to help him, and there is no reason why it should. He can no longer reconcile what he sees with what he feels—the ungloved object lying on the left may look like a hand, but, since there is no felt image corresponding to it, why sould he claim the object as his A stroke victim can put gloves on both his hands.
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For high-risk propositions yielding high returns, there is nothing to beat the handful companies marketing eternal life. (31) the perceived rewards of being able to come hack to life(32) some point, the risks are huge: Who would want to chance a repeat of disco or Victorian mores, let(33) more meaningless millennium hype in 2999There are(34) , more immediate risks involved in the new business of cryonics, (35) is the deep freezing at death of human bodies for preservation and possible revival in future. The biggest problem is that,(36) now, it is impossible to freeze people and bring them back to life.On the other hand, if cryonics(37) , you were already dead anyway.(38) it comes from the same root, kryos, the Greek word for cold, cryonics is not to be(39) with the mainstream sciences of cryogenics or cryobiology. These involve freezing of metals or of simple organisms. Metals get stronger(40) deep freezing, while the freezing and thawing of cancerous tissues can be a good way(41) kill it.(42) cryonics seeks to do the opposite. The goal is to freeze a human head or an entire body(43) the technology exists to do one of the following: graft a new body(44) the head, clone a new person(45) preserved DNA, or heal a sick body that has been preserved. If this sounds like science fiction, (46) the moment it is.Anyone who has(47) put beer in the freezer and then forgotten about it can grasp the problems facing cryonics enthusiasts today. Ice is less dense than water. (48) as beer left to freeze will eventually cause its container to burst, (49) the ice that forms adds extra pressure, (50) frozen cells can risk being punctured when the liquid in them freezes. 44().
For high-risk propositions yielding high returns, there is nothing to beat the handful companies marketing eternal life. (31) the perceived rewards of being able to come hack to life(32) some point, the risks are huge: Who would want to chance a repeat of disco or Victorian mores, let(33) more meaningless millennium hype in 2999There are(34) , more immediate risks involved in the new business of cryonics, (35) is the deep freezing at death of human bodies for preservation and possible revival in future. The biggest problem is that,(36) now, it is impossible to freeze people and bring them back to life.On the other hand, if cryonics(37) , you were already dead anyway.(38) it comes from the same root, kryos, the Greek word for cold, cryonics is not to be(39) with the mainstream sciences of cryogenics or cryobiology. These involve freezing of metals or of simple organisms. Metals get stronger(40) deep freezing, while the freezing and thawing of cancerous tissues can be a good way(41) kill it.(42) cryonics seeks to do the opposite. The goal is to freeze a human head or an entire body(43) the technology exists to do one of the following: graft a new body(44) the head, clone a new person(45) preserved DNA, or heal a sick body that has been preserved. If this sounds like science fiction, (46) the moment it is.Anyone who has(47) put beer in the freezer and then forgotten about it can grasp the problems facing cryonics enthusiasts today. Ice is less dense than water. (48) as beer left to freeze will eventually cause its container to burst, (49) the ice that forms adds extra pressure, (50) frozen cells can risk being punctured when the liquid in them freezes. 41().
The Americans are eating food which is far too sweet. That people load up with more sugar than ever is unquestionable—156 pounds of added sugars per person last year, up from 144 pounds in 1994, which in turn was up from 127 pounds in 1986. The average American now consumes more than 20 teaspoons of added sugars a day, twice the amount recommended by health experts worldwide. In the frenzy to cut back on fats, people have turned to sugar with a vengeance as a feel-good food. The consumption of fructose alone has risen tenfold since 1975. By squeezing out more nutritious foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low-fat dairy products that can help to prevent disease, a high-sugar diet might be making an important contribution to such problems as osteoporosis, cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease and, of course, tooth decay. And by contributing so many easy-to-consume empty calories to our daily diets, added sugars are Undoubtedly a major factor in the precipitous rise in obesity among both children and adults. To make matters worse, most heavy sweetened foods are also high-fat foods. In recent decades sugar has become a pervasive added ingredient in many processed foods, including some that most people think are food for them. These include fruit snacks, flavored yogurt, frozen yogurt, granola bars, frozen fruit bars, juice drinks, sorbet, bran and fruit muffins and breakfast cereals. Yet, because food labels now list only total sugars —a combination of sugars naturally in foods and those added by processors — most people have no idea how much extra sugar they consume. Looking at the ingredients list may offer few clues to the amount of caloric sweeteners that have been added to the product, since manufacturers Can list separately items like high-fructose corn syrup, honey, fruit syrup, molasses and barley malt, and not ever use the word "sugar". Sodas are the largest single source of added sugars — 33% of the total — and recent studies have linked the frequent consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks to obesity. People apparently do not compensate for the excess calories they consume as liquids as effectively as they do for the calories in solid foods. One 12-ounce can of soda supplies 160 sweet calories — or 40 grams of sugar. Nearly a tenth of the calories consumed by American teenagers come from nutritionally empty soda, which they drink at the expense of calcium-rich milk and vitamin-rich fruit juices. As a result, many young Americans today are reaching the age of-maximum bone growth with bones highly prone to osteoporosis. A nutritionally sound diet should derive no more than 10% of its calories from added sugar; American children now consume nearly twice that amount. The average teenager derives 19% of calories from added sugar, with the average boys consuming 34 teaspoons and the average girls consuming 24 teaspoons of added sugar daily, Younger children, too, have diets far sweeter than desirable: 6 to 11-year-olds get 18% of their calories from added sugars. The usual argument against listing added sugars on food labels is that the human body makes no distinction between the sugars that occur naturally in foods and those that are added in factories or at the table. It processes all sugar in pretty much the same way, whether it was formed in fruit as it ripened or was added when it was canned. But this metabolic fact ignores important nutritional and health concerns. The sugars naturally present in fruit and milk, for example, come in a package laden with essential nutrients. The sugar added to canned fruit or frozen yogurt brings in nothing but calories. And if enough added sugar calories are present in a person’s diet, there is less room for the nutrient-rich foods that can help to prevent serious chronic diseases. As things now stand, the consumer has no way to know how much sugar was naturally present in a food or drink before it was processed and how much sugar the manufacturer added. Look, for example, at the nutrition information on a container of skim milk. It states that an 8-ounce serving contains 11 grams of sugar, which may create the impression that it is no worse for a person, in terms of sugar content, than a sweetened breakfast cereal with the same amount of sugar per serving. But the sugar in milk is put there by the cow, along with calcium, protein and other nutrients ; the sugar in the cereal, which amounts to nearly a tablespoon of sugar, was added by the manufacturer and serves only to dilute the nutrient value of the grain, which contains little or no sugar. Don’t be fooled by products that claim to contain" all natural" sweeteners. Added ingredients like brown sugar, raw sugar, fruit sugar, high-fructose corn syrup, honey or maple syrup are treated no differently from table sugar once they enter the bloodstream. At most how much calories derived from added sugar is considered sound in the diet
The Americans are eating food which is far too sweet. That people load up with more sugar than ever is unquestionable—156 pounds of added sugars per person last year, up from 144 pounds in 1994, which in turn was up from 127 pounds in 1986. The average American now consumes more than 20 teaspoons of added sugars a day, twice the amount recommended by health experts worldwide. In the frenzy to cut back on fats, people have turned to sugar with a vengeance as a feel-good food. The consumption of fructose alone has risen tenfold since 1975. By squeezing out more nutritious foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low-fat dairy products that can help to prevent disease, a high-sugar diet might be making an important contribution to such problems as osteoporosis, cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease and, of course, tooth decay. And by contributing so many easy-to-consume empty calories to our daily diets, added sugars are Undoubtedly a major factor in the precipitous rise in obesity among both children and adults. To make matters worse, most heavy sweetened foods are also high-fat foods. In recent decades sugar has become a pervasive added ingredient in many processed foods, including some that most people think are food for them. These include fruit snacks, flavored yogurt, frozen yogurt, granola bars, frozen fruit bars, juice drinks, sorbet, bran and fruit muffins and breakfast cereals. Yet, because food labels now list only total sugars —a combination of sugars naturally in foods and those added by processors — most people have no idea how much extra sugar they consume. Looking at the ingredients list may offer few clues to the amount of caloric sweeteners that have been added to the product, since manufacturers Can list separately items like high-fructose corn syrup, honey, fruit syrup, molasses and barley malt, and not ever use the word "sugar". Sodas are the largest single source of added sugars — 33% of the total — and recent studies have linked the frequent consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks to obesity. People apparently do not compensate for the excess calories they consume as liquids as effectively as they do for the calories in solid foods. One 12-ounce can of soda supplies 160 sweet calories — or 40 grams of sugar. Nearly a tenth of the calories consumed by American teenagers come from nutritionally empty soda, which they drink at the expense of calcium-rich milk and vitamin-rich fruit juices. As a result, many young Americans today are reaching the age of-maximum bone growth with bones highly prone to osteoporosis. A nutritionally sound diet should derive no more than 10% of its calories from added sugar; American children now consume nearly twice that amount. The average teenager derives 19% of calories from added sugar, with the average boys consuming 34 teaspoons and the average girls consuming 24 teaspoons of added sugar daily, Younger children, too, have diets far sweeter than desirable: 6 to 11-year-olds get 18% of their calories from added sugars. The usual argument against listing added sugars on food labels is that the human body makes no distinction between the sugars that occur naturally in foods and those that are added in factories or at the table. It processes all sugar in pretty much the same way, whether it was formed in fruit as it ripened or was added when it was canned. But this metabolic fact ignores important nutritional and health concerns. The sugars naturally present in fruit and milk, for example, come in a package laden with essential nutrients. The sugar added to canned fruit or frozen yogurt brings in nothing but calories. And if enough added sugar calories are present in a person’s diet, there is less room for the nutrient-rich foods that can help to prevent serious chronic diseases. As things now stand, the consumer has no way to know how much sugar was naturally present in a food or drink before it was processed and how much sugar the manufacturer added. Look, for example, at the nutrition information on a container of skim milk. It states that an 8-ounce serving contains 11 grams of sugar, which may create the impression that it is no worse for a person, in terms of sugar content, than a sweetened breakfast cereal with the same amount of sugar per serving. But the sugar in milk is put there by the cow, along with calcium, protein and other nutrients ; the sugar in the cereal, which amounts to nearly a tablespoon of sugar, was added by the manufacturer and serves only to dilute the nutrient value of the grain, which contains little or no sugar. Don’t be fooled by products that claim to contain" all natural" sweeteners. Added ingredients like brown sugar, raw sugar, fruit sugar, high-fructose corn syrup, honey or maple syrup are treated no differently from table sugar once they enter the bloodstream. What does the writer call the sodas the American teenagers consume
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