题目内容
The age of gilded youth is over. Today’s under-thirties are the first generation for a century who can expect a lower living standard than their parents. Research into the lifestyles and prospects of people who were bona since 1970 shows that they are likely to face a lifetime of longer working hours, lower job security and higher taxes than the previous generation. When they leave work late in the evening, they will be more likely to return to a small rented fiat than to a house of their own. When, eventually, they retire, their pensions are far lower in real terms than those of their immediate forebears. These findings are revealed in a study of the way the ageing of Britain’s population is affecting different generations. Anthea Tinker, professor of social gerontology (老人学) at King’s College London, who carried out much of the work, said the growth of the proportion of people over 50 had reversed the traditional flow of wealth from older to younger generations. "Today’s older middle-aged and elderly are becoming the new winners," she said. "They made relatively small contributions in tax but now make relatively big claims on the welfare system. Generations bona in the last three to four decades face the prospect of handing over more than a third of their lifetime’s earnings to care for them." The surging number of older people, many living alone, has also increased demand for property and pushed up house prices. While previous generations found it easy to raise a mortgage, today’s under-thirties have to live with their parents or rent. If they can afford to buy a home it is more likely to be a fiat than a house. Laura Lenox-Conyngham, 28, grew up in a large house and her mother did not need to work. Unlike her wealthy parents, she graduated with student and postgraduate loan debts of ￡13,000. She now earns about ￡20,000 a year, preparing food to be photographed for magazines. Her home is a one-bedroom fiat in central London and she sublets(转租) the lounge sofa-bed to her brother. "My father took pity and paid off my student debts," she said. "But I still have no pension and no chance of buying a property for at least a couple of years--and then it will be something small in a bad area. My only hope is the traditional one of meeting a rich man." Tinker’s research reveals Lenox-Conyngham is representative of many young professionals, especially in London, Manchester, Edinburgh and Bristol. By saying "the growth of the proportion...to younger generations." (Line 2, Para. 5), Anthea Tinker really means that
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Passage Two Questions 29 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
Is College Really Worth the MoneyThe Real World Este Griffith had it all figured out. When she graduated from the University of Pittsburgh in April 2001, she had her sights set on one thing: working for a labor union. The real world had other ideas. Griffith left school with not only a degree but a boatload of debt. She owed $15,000 in student loans and had racked up $4.000 in credit card debt for books, groceries and other expenses. No labor union job could pay enough to bail her out. So Griffith went to work instead for a Washington. D.C. firm that specializes in economic development. Problem solved Nope. At age 24. she takes home about $1.800 a month. $1.200 of which-disappears to pay her tent. Add another $t80 a month to retire her student loans and $300 a month to whittle down her credit card balance. "You do the math." she says. Griffith has practically no money to live on. She brown-bags(自带午餐) her lunch and bikes to work. Above all, she fears she’ll never own a house or be able to retire. It’s not that she regrets getting her degree. "But they don’t tell you that the trade-off is the next ten years of your income." she says That’s precisely the deal being made by more and more college students. They’re mortgaging their futures to meet soaring tuition costs and other college expenses. Like Griffith. they’re facing a one-two punch at graduation: hefty(沉重的) student loans and smothering credit card debt not to mention a job market that, for now anyway, is dismal. "We are forcing our children to make a choice between two evils." says Elizabeth Warren. a Harvard Law professor and expert on bankruptcy. "Skip college and face a life of diminished opportunity, or go to college end face a life shackled(束缚 ) by debt."Tuition Hikes For some time. colleges have insisted their steep tuition hikes are needed to pay for cutting-edge technologies, faculty and administration salaries, end rising health care costs. Now there’s a new culprit(犯人): shrinking state support. Caught in a severe budget crunch, many states have sharply scaled back their funding for higher education. Someone had to make up for those lost dollars. And you can guess who---especially if you live in Massachusetts, which last year hiked its tuition and fees by 24 percent, after funding dropped by 3 percent, or in Missouri, where appropriations (拨款) fell by t0 percent, but tuition rose at double that rate. About one-third of the states, in fact, have increased tuition and fees by more then 10 percent. One of those states is California, and Janet Burrell’s family is feeling the palm A bookkeeper m Torrance, Burrell has a daughter at the University of California at Davis. Meanwhile, her sons attend two-year colleges because Burrell can’t afford to have all of them in four-year schools at once. Meanwhile, even with tuition hikes, California’s community colleges are so strapped for cash they dropped thousands of classes last spring. The result: 54,000 fewer students.Collapsing Investments Many families thought they had a surefire plan: even if tuition kept skyrocketing, they had invested enough money along the way to meet the costs. Then a funny thing happened on the way to Wall Street. Those investments collapsed with the stock market. Among the losers last year: the wildly popular "529" plans--federal tax-exempt college savings plans offered by individual states, which have attracted billions from families around the country. "We hear fr0m many parents that what they had set aside declined in value so much that they now don’t have enough to see their students through," says Penn State financial aid director Anna Griswold, who witnessed a 10 percent increase in loan applications last year. Even with a market that may be slowly recovering, it will take time, perhaps several years, for people to recoup (补偿) their losses. Nadine Sayegh is among those who didn’t have the luxury of waiting for her college nest egg to grow back. Her father had invested money toward her tuition, but a large chunk of it vanished when stocks went south. Nadine was than only partway through college. By graduation, she had taken out at least $10,000 in loans, and her mother had borrowed even more on her behalf. Now 22, Nadine is attending law school, having signed for yet more loans to pay for that. "There wasn’t any way to do it differently," she says, "and I’m not happy about it. I’ve sat down and calculated how long it will take me to pay off everything. I’ll be 35 years old." That’s if she’s very lucky: Nedine based her calculation on landing a job right out of law school that will pay her at least $120,000 a year.Dependent on Loans and Credit Cards The American Council on Education has its own calculation that shows how students are more and more dependent on loans. In just five years, from 1995 to 2000, the median loan debt at public institutions rose from $10,342 to $15,375. Most of this comes from federal loans, which Congress made more tempting in 1992 by expanding eligibility (home equity no longer counts against your assets) and raising loan limits (a dependent undergraduate can now borrow up to $23 000 from the federal government). But students aren’t stopping there. The College Board estimates that they also borrowed $4.5 billion from private lenders in the 2000-2001 academic year, up from $1.5 billion just five years earlier. For 10ts of students, the worst of it isn’t even the weight of those direct student loans. It’s what they rack up on all those plastic cards in their wallets. As of two years ago, according to a study by lender Nellie Mae, more than eight out of ten undergrads had their Own credit cards, with the typical student carrying four. That’s no big surprise, given the in-your-face marketing by credit card companies, which set up tables on campus to entice(诱惑) students to sign up. Some colleges ban or restrict this hawking, but others give it a boost. You know those credit cards emblazoned with a school’s picture or its logo For sanctioning such a card—a must-have for some students--a college department or association gets payments ’from the issuer. Meanwhile, from freshman year to graduation, according to the Nellie Mae study, students triple the number of credit cards they own and double their debt on them. As of 2001, they were in the hole an average $2,327.A Wise Choice One day, Moyer sat down with his mother, Janne O’Donnell, to talk about his goal of going to law school. Don’t count on it, O’Donnell told him. She couldn’t afford the cost and Moyer doubted he could get a loan, given how much he owed already. "He said he felt like a failure," O’Donnell recalls. "He didn’t know how he had gotten into such a mess." A week later, the 22-year-old hanged himself in his bedroom, where his mother found him. O’Donnell is convinced the money pressures caused his suicide. "Sean tried to pay his debts off," she says. "And he couldn’t take it." To be sure, suicides are exceedingly rare. But despair is common, and it sometimes leads students to rethink whether college was worth it. In fact, there are quite a few jobs that don’t require a college degree, yet pay fairly well. On average, though, college graduates can expect to earn 80 percent more than those with only a high school diploma. Also, all but two of the 50 highest paying jobs (the exceptions being air traffic controllers and nuclear power reactor operators) require a four-year college degree. So foregoing a college education is often not a wise choice. Merit Mikhail, who graduated last June from the University of California, Riverside, is glad she borrowed to get through school. But she left Riverside owing $20,000 in student loans and another $7,000 in credit card debt. Now in law school, Merit hopes to become a public-interest attorney, yet she may have to postpone that goal, which bothers her. To handle her debt, she’ll probably need to start with a more lucrative (有利的) legal job. Like so many other students, Mikhail took out her loans on a kind of blind faith that she could deal with the consequences. "You say to yourself, ’I have to go into debt to make it work, and whatever it takes later, I’ll manage.’" Later has now arrived, and Mikhail is finding out the true cost of her college degree. One reason why colleges increase tuition and fees is that the state support is shrinking.
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
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