Every group has a culture, however uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist, there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages. People once thought of the languages of backward groups as undeveloped. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of "backward" languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex. They differ from Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this aspect, two things are to be noted. First, all languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. Second, the objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in "backward" languages, while different from the West, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness ("this" and "that"). But some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future. All languages, whether civilized or not, have their own______.
A. ways to transfer ideas
B. forms to satisfy needs
C. abilities to answer description
D. systems to expand vocabulary
朗らかにふる待っている自分の外づら〔注①〕と違って、内づら〔注②〕では死 ということを常に考えている証拠に死についてに夢をよく見ますこのごろはどうしてだか新幹線に乗る夢をよく見ます私は死という駅へ行く新幹線の切符を買っているんですがこの切符をもって改札口を通ったらもうこっち①へは戻れませんと書いた立て札があるのにうっかり改札口を通ってしまって、あっこの汽車であっち②へいっちゃうのかと思うん ですねその時の気持ちは何ともいえませんよ (遠藤周作『死について考える』光文社文庫による) [問い]
A. ① おきている世界 ② 夢の世界
B. ① 改札口の外 ② 改札口の中
C. ① 生きている世界 ② 死の世界
D. ① 夢の世界 ② 死の世界