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Science and Truth "FINAGLE" (欺骗) is not a word that most people associate with science. One reason is that the image of the scientist is of one who always (51) data in an impartial (不偏不倚的) search for truth. In any debate— (52) intelligence, schooling, energy—the phrase "science says" usually disarms opposition. But scientists have long acknowledged the existence of a "finagle factor"—a tendency by many scientists to give a helpful change to the data to (53) desired results. The latest of the finagle factor in action comes from Stephen Jay Gould, a Harvard biologist, who has (54) the important 19th century work of Dr. Samuel George Morton. Morton was famous in his time for analysing the brain (55) of the skulls as a measure of intelligence. He concluded that whites had the largest brains, that the brains of Indians and blacks were smaller, and (56) , that whites constitute a superior race. Gould went back to Morton’s original data and concluded that the (57) were an example of the finagle at work. He found that Morton’s "discovery" was made by leaving out embarrassing data, (58) incorrect procedures, and changing his criteria—again, always in favour of his argument. Morton has been thoroughly discredited by now and scientists do not believe that brain size reflects (59) . But Gould went on to say Morton’s story is only an example of a common problem in (60) work. Some of the leading figures in science are (61) to have used the finagle factor. Gould says that Isaac Newton fudged out (捏造) to support at least three central statements that he could not prove. And so (62) Laudius Ptolemy, the Greek astronomer, whose master work, Almagest , summed up the case for a solar system that had the earth as its centre. Recent (63) indicate that Ptolemy either faked some key data or resorted heavily to the finagle factor. A．if B．while C．because D．although
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A Dolphin and an Astronomer One day in 1963, a dolphin named Elvar and a famous astronomer, Carl Sagan, were playing a little game. The astronomer was visiting an institute which was looking into the way dolphins communicate with each other. Sagan was standing on the edge of one of the tanks where several of these friendly, highly intelligent creatures were kept. Elvar had just swum up alongside him and had turned on his back. The dolphin wanted Sagan to scratch his stomach again, as the astronomer had done twice before. Elvar looked up at Sagan, waiting. Then, after a minute or so, the dolphin leapt up through the water and made a sound just like the word "more". The astonished astronomer went to the director of the institute and told him about the incident. "Oh, yes. That’s one of the words he knows," the director said, showing no surprise at all. Dolphins have bigger brains in proportion to their body size than humans have, and it has been known for a long time that they can make a number of sounds. What is more, these sounds seem to have different functions, such as warning each other of danger. Sound travels much faster and much further in water than it does in air. That is why the parts of the brain that deal with sound are much better developed in dolphins than in humans. But can it be said that dolphins have a "language", in the real sense of the word Scientists don’t agree on this. Parts of the dolphin’s brain are particularly well developed to handle different kinds of sound. A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
Living with Computer The passage implies that the writer and her boyfriend live in A．England. B．different countries. C．the same city. D．the same country.
Living with Computer Compared with the clear words of her boyfriend on screen, his accent is A．obscure. B．distinct. C．unreal. D．misleading.
The Body Clock Why is it that flying to New York from London will leave you feeling less tired than flying to London from New York The answer may be a clear case of biology not being able to keep up with technology. Deep inside the brain there is a "clock" that governs every aspect of the body’s functioning: sleep and wake cycles, levels of alertness, performance, mood, hormone levels, digestion, body temperature and so on. It regulates all of these functions on a 24-hour basis and is called the biological clock. This body clock programmes us to be sleepy twice a day, between 3-5 am and again between 3-5 pm. Afternoon tea and nap are all cultural responses to our natural biological sleepiness in the afternoon. One of the major causes of the travellers’ malady known as jet lag is the non-alignment of a person’s internal body clock with clocks in the external world. Crossing different time zones confuses the biological clock, which then has to adjust to the new time and patterns of light and activity. To make matters more complex, not all internal body functions adjust at the same rate. So your sleep/wake may adjust to a new time zone at one rate, while your temperature adjusts at a different pace. Your digestion may be on a different schedule altogether. Though we live in a 24-hour day, the natural tendency of the body clock is to extend our day beyond 24 hours. It is contrary to our biological programming to "shrink" our day’. That is why traveling in a westward direction is more body-clock friendly than flying east. NASA studies of long haul pilots showed that westward travel was associated with significantly better sleep quantity and quality than eastward flights. When flying west, you are "extending" your day, thus traveling in the natural direction of your internal clock. Flying eastward will involve "shrinking" or reducing your day and is in direct opposition to your internal clock’s natural tendency. One of the more common complaints of travelers is that their sleep becomes disrupted. There are many reasons for this, changing time zones and schedules, changing light and activity levels, trying to sleep when your body clock is programmed to be awake, disruption of the internal biological clock and working longer hours. It is often suggested that you adjust your watch as soon as you board a plane, supposedly to try to help you adjust to your destination’s schedule as soon as you arrive. But it can take the body clock several days to several weeks to fully adjust to a new time zone. So, our body clock truly can "govern" us. The role of the body clock is to
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