题目内容
案例分析题Last year, Christmas was the biggest single day for e-book sales by HarperCollins. And (26) are that this year’s Christmas Day total will be even higher, given the (27) strong sales of e-readers like the Kindle and the Nook. Amazon (28) that it had sold one million of its Kindles in each of the three (29) weeks. But we can also guess that the number of visitors to the e-book sections of public libraries’ websites is about to (30) , too. And that is a source of great worry for publishers. In their eyes, borrowing an e-book from a library has been too easy. It is worried that people will (31) to borrow an e-book from a library rather than buy it. Almost all major publishers in the United States now block libraries’ (32) the e-book form of either all of their titles or their most recently published ones. Borrowing a printed book from the library (33) an inconvenience upon its patrons. "You have to walk or drive to the library, and then walk or drive back to return it," says Maja Thomas, a senior vice president of the Hachettte Book Group. And print copies don’t last forever, and the ones that are much (34) will have to be replaced. "Selling one copy that could be lent out an infinite number of times with no friction is not a (35) business model for us," Ms. Thomas says. E-lending is not without some friction. Software ensures that only one patron can read an e-book copy at a time, and people who see a long waiting list for a certain title may decide to buy it instead. 32（）
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案例分析题Free School Meals A．Millions of American schoolchildren are receiving free or low-cost meals for the first time as their parents, many once solidly middle class, have lost jobs or homes during the economic crisis, qualifying their families for the decade—old safety-net program. B．The number of students receiving subsidized (补贴的) lunches rose to 21 million last school year from 18 million in 2006-2007, a 17 percent increase, according to an analysis by the New York Times of data from the Department of Agriculture. "These are very large increases and a direct reflection of the hardships American families are facing," said Benjamin Senauer, a University of Minnesota economist who studies the meals program, adding that the surge had happened so quickly "that people like myself who do research are struggling to keep up with it." C．In Sylva, N.C., layoffs at lumber and paper mills have driven hundreds of new students into the free lunch program. In Las Vegas, where the collapse of the construction industry has caused hardship, 15000 additional students joined the subsidized lunch program this fall. Around Rochester, unemployed engineers and technicians have signed up their children after the downsizing of Kodak and other companies forced them from their jobs. Many of these formerly middle-income parents have pleaded with school officials to keep their enrollment a secret. D．Students in families with incomes up to 130 percent of the poverty level—or $29055 for a family of four—are eligible (有资格的) for free school meals. Children in a four-member household with income up to $41348 qualify for a subsidized lunch priced at 40 cents. E．Among the first to call attention to the increases were Department of Education officials, who use subsidized lunch rates as a poverty indicator in federal testing. This month, in releasing results of the National Assessment of Educational Progress, they noted that the proportion of the nation’s fourth graders enrolled in the lunch program had climbed to 52 percent from 49 percent in 2009, crossing a symbolic watershed. In the Rockdale County Schools in Conyers, Ga., east of Atlanta, the percentage of students receiving subsidized lunches increased to 63 percent this year from 46 percent in 2006. F．One of those is Sheila Dawson, a Wal-Mart saleswoman whose husband lost his job as the manager of a Waffle House last year, reducing their income by $45000. "We’re doing whatever we can to save money," said Ms. Dawson, who has a 15-year-old daughter. "We buy clothes at the thrift store, we see fewer movies and this year my daughter qualifies for reduced-price lunch." G．Although the troubled economy is the main factor in the increases, experts said, some growth at the margins has resulted from a new way of qualifying students for the subsidized meals, known as direct certification. In 2004, Congress required the nation’s 17000 school districts to match student enrollment lists against records of local food-stamp agencies, directly enrolling those who receive food stamps for the meals program. The number of districts doing so has been rising—as have the number of school-age children in families eligible for food stamps, to 14 million in 2010-2011 from 12 million in 2009-2010. H．"The concern of those of us involved in the direct certification effort is how to help all these districts deal with the exploding caseload of kids eligible for the meals," said Kevin Conway, a project director at Mathematica Policy Research, a co-author of an October report to Congress on direct certification. I．Congress passed the National School Lunch Act in 1946 to support commodity prices after World War II by reducing farm surpluses while providing food to schoolchildren. By 1970, the program was providing 22 million lunches on an average day, about a fifth of them subsidized. Since then, the subsidized portion has grown while paid lunches have declined, but not since 1972 have so many additional children become eligible for free lunches as in fiscal year 2010, 1.3 million. Today it is a $10.8 billion program providing 32 million lunches, 21 million of which are free or at reduced price. J．All 50 states have shown increases, according to Agriculture Department data. In Florida, which has 2.6 million public school students, an additional 265000 students have become eligible for subsidies since 2007, with increases in virtually every district. "Growth has been across the board," said Mark Eggers, the Florida Department of Education official who oversees the lunch program. K．In Las Vegas, with 13.6 percent unemployment, the enrollment of thousands of new students in the subsidized lunch program forced the Clark County district to add an extra shift at the football field-size central kitchen, said Virginia Beck, an assistant director at the school food service. L．In New York, the Gates Chili school district west of Rochester has lost 700 students since 2007-2008, as many families have fled the area after mass layoffs. But over those same four years, the subsidized lunch program has added 125 mouths, many of them belonging to the children of Kodak and Xerox managers and technicians who once assumed they had a lifetime job, said Debbi Beauvais, district supervisor of the meals program. "Parents signing up children say, ’I never thought a program like this would apply to me and my kids,’" Ms. Beauvais said. M．Many large urban school districts have for years been dominated by students poor enough to qualify for subsidized lunches. In Dallas, Newark and Chicago, for instance, about 85 percent of students are eligible, and most schools also offer free breakfasts. Now, some places have added free supper programs, fearing that needy students otherwise will go to bed hungry. One is the Hickman Mills C-1 district in a threadbare Kansas City, Mo., neighborhood where a Home Depot, a shopping mall and a string of grocery stores have closed. Ten years ago, 48 percent of its students qualified for subsidized lunches. By 2007, that proportion had increased to 73 percent, said Leah Schmidt, the district’s nutrition director. Last year, when it hit 80 percent, the district started feeding 700 students a third meal, paid for by the state, each afternoon when classes end. "This is the neediest period I’ve seen in my 20-year career," Ms. Schmidt said. In a district of Kansas City, the percentage of the students qualified for subsidized lunches has increased by 32 percent in the past ten years.
案例分析题Free School Meals A．Millions of American schoolchildren are receiving free or low-cost meals for the first time as their parents, many once solidly middle class, have lost jobs or homes during the economic crisis, qualifying their families for the decade—old safety-net program. B．The number of students receiving subsidized (补贴的) lunches rose to 21 million last school year from 18 million in 2006-2007, a 17 percent increase, according to an analysis by the New York Times of data from the Department of Agriculture. "These are very large increases and a direct reflection of the hardships American families are facing," said Benjamin Senauer, a University of Minnesota economist who studies the meals program, adding that the surge had happened so quickly "that people like myself who do research are struggling to keep up with it." C．In Sylva, N.C., layoffs at lumber and paper mills have driven hundreds of new students into the free lunch program. In Las Vegas, where the collapse of the construction industry has caused hardship, 15000 additional students joined the subsidized lunch program this fall. Around Rochester, unemployed engineers and technicians have signed up their children after the downsizing of Kodak and other companies forced them from their jobs. Many of these formerly middle-income parents have pleaded with school officials to keep their enrollment a secret. D．Students in families with incomes up to 130 percent of the poverty level—or $29055 for a family of four—are eligible (有资格的) for free school meals. Children in a four-member household with income up to $41348 qualify for a subsidized lunch priced at 40 cents. E．Among the first to call attention to the increases were Department of Education officials, who use subsidized lunch rates as a poverty indicator in federal testing. This month, in releasing results of the National Assessment of Educational Progress, they noted that the proportion of the nation’s fourth graders enrolled in the lunch program had climbed to 52 percent from 49 percent in 2009, crossing a symbolic watershed. In the Rockdale County Schools in Conyers, Ga., east of Atlanta, the percentage of students receiving subsidized lunches increased to 63 percent this year from 46 percent in 2006. F．One of those is Sheila Dawson, a Wal-Mart saleswoman whose husband lost his job as the manager of a Waffle House last year, reducing their income by $45000. "We’re doing whatever we can to save money," said Ms. Dawson, who has a 15-year-old daughter. "We buy clothes at the thrift store, we see fewer movies and this year my daughter qualifies for reduced-price lunch." G．Although the troubled economy is the main factor in the increases, experts said, some growth at the margins has resulted from a new way of qualifying students for the subsidized meals, known as direct certification. In 2004, Congress required the nation’s 17000 school districts to match student enrollment lists against records of local food-stamp agencies, directly enrolling those who receive food stamps for the meals program. The number of districts doing so has been rising—as have the number of school-age children in families eligible for food stamps, to 14 million in 2010-2011 from 12 million in 2009-2010. H．"The concern of those of us involved in the direct certification effort is how to help all these districts deal with the exploding caseload of kids eligible for the meals," said Kevin Conway, a project director at Mathematica Policy Research, a co-author of an October report to Congress on direct certification. I．Congress passed the National School Lunch Act in 1946 to support commodity prices after World War II by reducing farm surpluses while providing food to schoolchildren. By 1970, the program was providing 22 million lunches on an average day, about a fifth of them subsidized. Since then, the subsidized portion has grown while paid lunches have declined, but not since 1972 have so many additional children become eligible for free lunches as in fiscal year 2010, 1.3 million. Today it is a $10.8 billion program providing 32 million lunches, 21 million of which are free or at reduced price. J．All 50 states have shown increases, according to Agriculture Department data. In Florida, which has 2.6 million public school students, an additional 265000 students have become eligible for subsidies since 2007, with increases in virtually every district. "Growth has been across the board," said Mark Eggers, the Florida Department of Education official who oversees the lunch program. K．In Las Vegas, with 13.6 percent unemployment, the enrollment of thousands of new students in the subsidized lunch program forced the Clark County district to add an extra shift at the football field-size central kitchen, said Virginia Beck, an assistant director at the school food service. L．In New York, the Gates Chili school district west of Rochester has lost 700 students since 2007-2008, as many families have fled the area after mass layoffs. But over those same four years, the subsidized lunch program has added 125 mouths, many of them belonging to the children of Kodak and Xerox managers and technicians who once assumed they had a lifetime job, said Debbi Beauvais, district supervisor of the meals program. "Parents signing up children say, ’I never thought a program like this would apply to me and my kids,’" Ms. Beauvais said. M．Many large urban school districts have for years been dominated by students poor enough to qualify for subsidized lunches. In Dallas, Newark and Chicago, for instance, about 85 percent of students are eligible, and most schools also offer free breakfasts. Now, some places have added free supper programs, fearing that needy students otherwise will go to bed hungry. One is the Hickman Mills C-1 district in a threadbare Kansas City, Mo., neighborhood where a Home Depot, a shopping mall and a string of grocery stores have closed. Ten years ago, 48 percent of its students qualified for subsidized lunches. By 2007, that proportion had increased to 73 percent, said Leah Schmidt, the district’s nutrition director. Last year, when it hit 80 percent, the district started feeding 700 students a third meal, paid for by the state, each afternoon when classes end. "This is the neediest period I’ve seen in my 20-year career," Ms. Schmidt said. As the former managers and technicians in some large companies, they never thought the meals program would apply to them and their kids.
案例分析题Since ancient times, the destructive effects of earthquakes on human lives and property have encouraged the search for reliable methods of earthquake prediction. This challenge remains and modern scientists continue to search for reliable methods to determine the time, place and intensity of individual quakes. One prediction technique involves an analysis of the recurrence (重视) rates of earthquakes as indicators of future activity. Earthquakes are concentrated in certain areas of the world which are subject to constant movements of earth’s plates and it is in these areas that scientists focus their investigations. This search for pre-earthquake phenomena has received particular attention. In contrast to the ancient Greeks and Romans, who relied on the crying of dogs as a warning sign, modern scientists have focused on physical evidence for a coming earthquake. Evidence of plate strain can be found by measuring relative movements, while chemical changes also offer signals for scientists. Analysis of the changes in magnetic properties and conductivity (传导性) of rocks provides further data for prediction. The electrical and magnetic properties of crustal (地壳的) rocks are particularly sensitive to strain. The conductivity of crustal rock is determined by the degree to which the rock is soaked with fluid and the electrolytic properties of those fluids. Before large earthquakes, small fractures develop in rocks, which change the quantity of fluid present. These changes can be measured and provide useful data. However, similar changes in the fluid-bearing capacity of rock can occur as a result of other factors such as changes in the water table, and therefore this technique is not entirely reliable. The ancient belief that the behavior of birds, cats and dogs provides evidence of inevitable earthquakes has recently gained credence as a result of tests carried out in California. It has been shown that changes take place in the metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates of these animals which correlate with subsequent seismic activity. It is assumed that the animals are sensitive to the seismic waves which precede major quakes. In zones where earthquakes are known to occur, improved construction techniques can significantly reduce the effects of seismic waves. If more accurate information regarding the time and intensity were available, governments could take even more effective measures to reduce the impact on human lives. If, however, an entirely accurate prediction technique became available, there would be significant social and political implications. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that （）.
案例分析题They were the Macbeths of information technology: a wicked couple who seized power and abused it in bloody and greedy ways. But in recent years, the story has (36) . Bill Gates, Microsoft’s founder, has retired to give away his billions. The "Wintel" couple (short for "Windows" and "Intel") are (37) seen as yesterday’s tyrants. Rumors (38) that a coup is brewing to oust Steve Ballmer, Microsoft’s current boss.Yet there is life in the old technologists. They still control the two most important standards in (39) : Windows, the operating system for most personal computers, and "Intel Architecture," the set of rules governing how software (40) with the processor it runs on. More than 80% of PCs still run on the "Wintel" standard. Accordingly, (41) for Windows and PC chips, which flagged during the global recession, has (42) . So have both firms’ results: to many people’s surprise, Microsoft announced a thumping (巨大的) quarterly profit of $4.5 billion in July; Intel earned a(n) (43) $2.9 billion.So now is a good time to take stock of IT’s most hated power couple. As The Economist went to press, Intel was on track to reach a (44) with America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which would in effect end the antitrust woes that have (45) both firms. And Microsoft has recently strengthened its ties with ARM, Intel’s new archrival (主要竞争对手). This suggests that the Wintel marriage is crumbling. 43（）
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