题目内容
甲省政府制定的《旅游行业管理暂行规定》规定，对违反旅行社业务经营许可的，处以1万元以上5万元以下的罚款，超过3万元的，组织听证；而乙省中的较大市A市政府制定的《旅游行业管理办法》则规定，对该违法行为给予l万元以上3万元以下罚款，超过1万元的，进行听证；国务院1996年颁布《旅行社管理条例》规定，对该违法行为给予1万元以上5万元以下罚款。甲省某旅行社于1997年8月在A市从事经营业务时，被该市旅游局认定违法并罚款2万元，但未举行听证，该旅行社不服，认为未经听证就作出处罚，违反法定程序，故向A市法院提起行政诉讼，法院应该如何处理
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Good morning!Urn... As Managing Director of our company I’ve been asked to say a few words to you today about the way the company is organized. So what I’ve done is to make a sort of table... you know... to show how it is all arranged. It’s in your books. Can you find itOK. Now, not all companies are organized in the same way, of course. They all have more or less the same bits and pieces, but they put them together in different ways. In fact, some Managing Directors are always changing the organization, which can be very disturbing for everybody else and sometimes causes awful hold-ups. Sometimes it’s necessary, of course, like when you start making something different or join up with an other company or something. Anyway, I think the organization of my company is fairly typical, so let’s take a look at how we have organized it.At the top of the scheme, above me, is the Board of Directors. Their job is to administrate the company, make general policies, and so on. There are two kinds of directors, actually. One kind is what we call non-executive directors, which means that they are not full-time employees. They are the sort of people who have some standing in various parts of the business world and are in a position to help the company to succeed. They only appear when there are meetings of the Board, and some of them are on the boards of other companies at the same time. But the second lot of directors—the executive directors—are full-time employees of the company. Most of them are managers of our various departments, and you’ll be meeting them later.The absolute head of the company, of course, is the Chairman of the Board. He is appointed by the Board, and his job is to take the chair at meetings of the shareholders and the Board of Directors, and to represent the company’s interests at outside functions. He does not take much part in the running of the business. He leaves me to get on with the job. Mind you, not all chairmen are like that. Our last one was a real pain, always wanted everything done his own way and he kept on interfering... but anyway, that’s what the top slot in the scheme is for.Then there’s me, the Managing Director, or MD for short—as long as you don’t think I’m a doctor of medicine, ha ha... Urn... Now, my job is to coordinate the policies decided by the directors and see that they are carried out. I do this through the various managers of departments—departmental managers. At the moment I’ve got six, and there are slots for them along the line underneath me in your scheme. I don’t think they are in any particular order, so we’ll start from the left and walk across. Actually, they’re all going to come and tell you about their jobs. So I’ll just say a few words. And...Right. The first one is... The chairman of the Board is appointed by the Board.
SECTION A CONVERSATIONS In this section you will hear three conversations. Each will be read only once. At the end of the conversation you will be given 10 seconds to choose the answer which is the closest in the meaning to the conversation you have just heard. Now listen to the conversations. Questionsl-4 are based on the following conversation. Why does Jessie want to change her hair style
TEXT D A "scientistic" view of language was dominant among philosophers and linguists who affected to develop a scientific analysis of human thought and behavior in the early part of this century, Under the force of this view, it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action, it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action) to the status of being wholly condemned. If people are regarded only as machines guided by logic as they were be these "scientistic" thinkers, rhetoric is likely to be held in low regard: for the most obvious truth about rhetoric is that it speaks to the whole person. It presents its arguments first to the person as a rational being, because persuasive discourse, if honestly conceived, always has a basis in reasoning. Logical argument is the plot, as it were, of any speech or essay that is respectfully intended to persuade people. Yet it is a characterizing feature of rhetoric that it goes beyond this and appeals to the parts of our nature that are involved in feeling, desiring, acting, and suffering. It recalls relevant instances of the emotional reactions of people to circumstances real or fictional—that are similar to our own circumstances. Such is the purpose of both historical accounts and fables in persuasive discourse: they indicate literally or symbolically how people may react emotionally, with hope or fear, to particular circumstances. A speech attempting to persuade people can achieve little unless it takes into account the aspect of their being related to such hopes and fears. Rhetoric, then, is addressed to human beings living at particular times and in particular places. From the point of view of rhetoric, we are not merely logical thinking machines, creatures abstracted from time and space. The study of rhetoric should therefore be considered the most humanistic of the humanities, since rhetoric is not directed only to our rational selves. It takes into account what the "scientistic" view leaves out. If it is a weakness to harbor feelings, then rhetoric may be thought of as dealing in weakness. But those who reject the idea of rhetoric because they believe it deals in lies and who at the same time hope to move people to action, must either be liars themselves or be very naive; pure logic has never been a motivating force unless it has been subordinated to human purposes, feelings, and desires, and thereby ceased to be pure logic. The passage suggests that a speech that attempts to persuade people to act is likely to fail ifit does NOT ______.
TEXT A In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. In contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $750,0O0. The transformation in social values implicit in juxtaposing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer’s excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the "useful" child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the "useless" child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally "priceless." Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in pan on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo. For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex, The gradual erosion of children’s productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children’s worth. Yet "expulsion of children from the ’cash nexus,’ ... although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures," Zelizer maintains, "was also pan of a cultural process ’of sacralization’ of children’s lives." Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace. In stressing the cultural determinants of a child’s worth, Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new "sociological economics," who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual "preferences," these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their "exchange" or "surrender" value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater. Which of the following statements of American families in 19th century can be inferred from the passage
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