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Having a few too many drinks can mean more than just a blackout or a bad hangover. People who engage in binge drinking are courting danger, experts warn. Binge drinking is most common at colleges and universities, where many adults treat drinking to excess as a rite of passage. A 1997 study from the Harvard School of Public Health reports that 42.7% of all college students engage in binge drinking. The well-publicized deaths of several college students from binge drinking in 1997 highlights the risks. An 18-year-old freshman at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology drank himself into a coma and died. A 20-year-old fraternity pledge at Louisiana State University died from alcohol poisoning. "Alcohol is always toxic. It"s really a poison," said Steven Schandler, professor of psychology at Chapman University and chief of addiction research at the Long Beach Veterans Affairs Health Care System, who added that binge drinking can lead to alcohol poisoning. "Because it"s a poison, like any other poison, if you take in a little bit, you might tolerate it, but if you take in a lot, you might die." Administrators and doctors say that college freshmen are especially at risk for alcohol poisoning, in part because they often lack the maturity to refrain or stop. And for some who may be new to drinking, their bodies have a relatively low tolerance for alcohol. But problems with alcohol aren"t limited to teenagers and young adults. A 39-year-old Buena Park man recently recalled that two days of steady imbibing on a trip to Las Vegas several years ago left him in bad shape. Doctors say blood alcohol levels of about 4%— five times the legal intoxication limit of 0.8%—can induce potentially lethal side effects in most people. Alcoholics have higher limits. Although not well understood, enzymes that break down and expel alcohol in the liver and kidneys do so more effectively in seasoned drinkers, allowing them to tolerate more, Schandler said. Regardless of a person"s tolerance, alcohol exerts its influence when the amount of alcohol taken in exceeds the amount that the body can digest. At that point, alcohol passes from the bloodstream into the brain and begins its attack. Alcohol first affects the brain"s cortex, which controls more sophisticated thought processes. That"s why people generally become less inhibited under the influence of alcohol, and some are more willing to try things that could be dangerous to themselves or others. Coordination, mainly controlled by the cerebellum, is the next to go, leading to slurred speech and difficulty walking in a straight line. As excessive drinking continues, alcohol moves deeper into the brain until "it gets to the very basic structure of the brain stem that affects things like respiration and heart beat," said Dr. Bret Ginther, an assistant clinical professor of emergency medicine at UC Irvine. At that point, people may pass out or fall into a coma. Their vital signs may weaken. "The most common cause of death from alcohol poisoning is respiratory arrest," said Ginther. Eventually, the heart simply stops. Getting to that point is fairly unusual. But Ginther said that at least once or twice a month, patients are brought into the emergency room at UCI Medical Center in Orange suffering from alcohol poisoning. College officials say they are always on the lookout for alcohol abuse but say there is no fail-safe method to keep students from drinking. Many colleges try to educate students, especially those caught drinking illegally or causing disruptions. The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention in Newton, Mass, advocates a community-based approach that includes administrators, faculty, police and businesses in the fight to curb binge drinking, in part by being on alert for people abusing alcohol. The center also stresses the importance of parental guidance and urges parents to have frank discussions with their children about excessive drinking. Which of the following is TRUE
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Having a few too many drinks can mean more than just a blackout or a bad hangover. People who engage in binge drinking are courting danger, experts warn. Binge drinking is most common at colleges and universities, where many adults treat drinking to excess as a rite of passage. A 1997 study from the Harvard School of Public Health reports that 42.7% of all college students engage in binge drinking. The well-publicized deaths of several college students from binge drinking in 1997 highlights the risks. An 18-year-old freshman at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology drank himself into a coma and died. A 20-year-old fraternity pledge at Louisiana State University died from alcohol poisoning. "Alcohol is always toxic. It"s really a poison," said Steven Schandler, professor of psychology at Chapman University and chief of addiction research at the Long Beach Veterans Affairs Health Care System, who added that binge drinking can lead to alcohol poisoning. "Because it"s a poison, like any other poison, if you take in a little bit, you might tolerate it, but if you take in a lot, you might die." Administrators and doctors say that college freshmen are especially at risk for alcohol poisoning, in part because they often lack the maturity to refrain or stop. And for some who may be new to drinking, their bodies have a relatively low tolerance for alcohol. But problems with alcohol aren"t limited to teenagers and young adults. A 39-year-old Buena Park man recently recalled that two days of steady imbibing on a trip to Las Vegas several years ago left him in bad shape. Doctors say blood alcohol levels of about 4%— five times the legal intoxication limit of 0.8%—can induce potentially lethal side effects in most people. Alcoholics have higher limits. Although not well understood, enzymes that break down and expel alcohol in the liver and kidneys do so more effectively in seasoned drinkers, allowing them to tolerate more, Schandler said. Regardless of a person"s tolerance, alcohol exerts its influence when the amount of alcohol taken in exceeds the amount that the body can digest. At that point, alcohol passes from the bloodstream into the brain and begins its attack. Alcohol first affects the brain"s cortex, which controls more sophisticated thought processes. That"s why people generally become less inhibited under the influence of alcohol, and some are more willing to try things that could be dangerous to themselves or others. Coordination, mainly controlled by the cerebellum, is the next to go, leading to slurred speech and difficulty walking in a straight line. As excessive drinking continues, alcohol moves deeper into the brain until "it gets to the very basic structure of the brain stem that affects things like respiration and heart beat," said Dr. Bret Ginther, an assistant clinical professor of emergency medicine at UC Irvine. At that point, people may pass out or fall into a coma. Their vital signs may weaken. "The most common cause of death from alcohol poisoning is respiratory arrest," said Ginther. Eventually, the heart simply stops. Getting to that point is fairly unusual. But Ginther said that at least once or twice a month, patients are brought into the emergency room at UCI Medical Center in Orange suffering from alcohol poisoning. College officials say they are always on the lookout for alcohol abuse but say there is no fail-safe method to keep students from drinking. Many colleges try to educate students, especially those caught drinking illegally or causing disruptions. The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention in Newton, Mass, advocates a community-based approach that includes administrators, faculty, police and businesses in the fight to curb binge drinking, in part by being on alert for people abusing alcohol. The center also stresses the importance of parental guidance and urges parents to have frank discussions with their children about excessive drinking. What can enzymes do when one is drunk
During the past 30 years or so, health care has increasingly become a form of business. In addition, the environment surrounding health care has been greatly altered by the advent of more sophisticated medical technologies and increased specialization. It is no longer true to say that doctors regard their profession as a sacred calling, and while the doctor-patient relationship still remains, it is not the relationship based solely on trust which it used to be. Of course there are many doctors who have endeavored to increase the transparency of their behavior as medical professionals, and patients can receive effective treatment when such doctors work closely together and share notes. An example of such cooperation can be found in the field of remote health care, which has been introduced on an experimental basis in several regions. Since most medical specialists live in cities, patients who live in the country have to travel a long distance to consult a specialist. This is especially hard on the elderly, both financially and physically. Through a computer network, patients who live in the country can consult a medical specialist in the city, tell him their symptoms, and receive advice without the need for a journey to the specialist"s office. Also, with several doctors being assigned to a single patient, the transparency of each doctor"s behavior is further ensured. On the other hand, however, it is also true that remote health consultation is not generally regarded as a form of medical treatment. For any sort of consultation to be regarded as medical treatment, most people feel that the patient must actually visit the doctor, and undergo an examination by the doctor in person. Remote health care is essentially a means for doctors to work as a team. In order for this to be practicable, it is important to establish a system whereby financial support can be extended to a doctor who, as a member of a medical team, provides only information. Establishment of such a system will further advance the cause of" free access to information" in the health care field. When they work closely together and share notes, doctors can______.
Researchers at Yale University Medical School and the Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center at the Institute of Living in Hartford, Conn., have taken a pretty good look at what happens in the brain of a drunken driver. And it isn"t pretty. Using【C1】______scans, the scientists compared the neural activity that【C2】______on and off like lights on a police car as both sober【C3】______game. The maps of activity in different areas of the brain【C4】______in new detail the impact that drinking has on a complicated【C5】______task such as driving. "No one had seen that in a scanner【C6】______." said Dr. Godfrey Pearlson, a Yale psychiatrist and director of the Olin Center. Pearlson and Vince Calhoun, a researcher at Yale and Olin, first conducted brain scans on【C7】______drivers as they played the driving simulation game and then as they watched others play the game. Those scans gave the researchers a baseline of【C8】______activity in the unimpaired driver. Subjects were then given a low dose or a high dose of booze—enough to get their blood alcohol content to either 0.04 percent or 0.10 percent. An inebriated driver often will speed because alcohol has affected the cerebellum, a primitive area of the brain involved in【C9】______function, the researchers found. But drunken drivers【C10】______in and out of traffic because of errors in the front parietal cortex, which translates sensory information and helps in the decision-making process, Pearlson said. Drinking did not seem to change activity in five other areas of the brain associated with driving, such as vision centers, the researchers found. But to the surprise of no one, the more the subjects drank, the more trouble they had with their driving. 【C6】
During the past 30 years or so, health care has increasingly become a form of business. In addition, the environment surrounding health care has been greatly altered by the advent of more sophisticated medical technologies and increased specialization. It is no longer true to say that doctors regard their profession as a sacred calling, and while the doctor-patient relationship still remains, it is not the relationship based solely on trust which it used to be. Of course there are many doctors who have endeavored to increase the transparency of their behavior as medical professionals, and patients can receive effective treatment when such doctors work closely together and share notes. An example of such cooperation can be found in the field of remote health care, which has been introduced on an experimental basis in several regions. Since most medical specialists live in cities, patients who live in the country have to travel a long distance to consult a specialist. This is especially hard on the elderly, both financially and physically. Through a computer network, patients who live in the country can consult a medical specialist in the city, tell him their symptoms, and receive advice without the need for a journey to the specialist"s office. Also, with several doctors being assigned to a single patient, the transparency of each doctor"s behavior is further ensured. On the other hand, however, it is also true that remote health consultation is not generally regarded as a form of medical treatment. For any sort of consultation to be regarded as medical treatment, most people feel that the patient must actually visit the doctor, and undergo an examination by the doctor in person. Remote health care is essentially a means for doctors to work as a team. In order for this to be practicable, it is important to establish a system whereby financial support can be extended to a doctor who, as a member of a medical team, provides only information. Establishment of such a system will further advance the cause of" free access to information" in the health care field. The writer urges that______.
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