题目内容
The amount of sunlight reaching Earth"s surface appears to be growing. The phenomenon, which some dub "global brightening," (1)_____ scientists with a puzzle. If the (2)_____ is real and global, how long will it last and what are the consequences for climate change, the planet"s water cycle, and other (3)_____ that draw energy from sunlight (4)_____, the answer might seem obvious: More sunlight reaching the ground in a warming world means that temperatures will get warmer (5)_____ Not so fast, some researchers say. Additional warming would be certain (6)_____ nothing else in the climate system changes. And the climate system is (7)_____ static. Some combinations of changes could reinforce the heating; others could (8)_____ it. Unraveling these interactions and forecasting their course require an accurate accounting of the sunlight reaching the surface and the (9)_____ the surface sends skyward. Moreover, researchers say, measurements of the sun"s strength at Earth"s surface are potentially powerful tools for (10)_____ human influences on the climate. Earth"s radiation "budget" (11)_____ an "extremely important parameter that is (12)_____ known," says Robert Charlson, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Washington at Seattle. "It needs to be (13)_____ much better than it is." (14)_____ about the amount of sunlight reaching Earth"s surface were first raised in 1974.@Researchers from the United States and Israel recorded a 12% drop (15)_____ sunlight over 40 years at a (16)_____ station in the southern Sinai Peninsula. Since then, others have used a variety of techniques to try to track (17)_____ sunlight. Three years ago, for example, a (18)_____ led by Beate Liepert at Columbia University"s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory gathered data from ground (19)_____ around the world and found that solar radiation reaching the surface fell (20)_____ 4% from 1961 to 1990.
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The amount of sunlight reaching Earth"s surface appears to be growing. The phenomenon, which some dub "global brightening," (1)_____ scientists with a puzzle. If the (2)_____ is real and global, how long will it last and what are the consequences for climate change, the planet"s water cycle, and other (3)_____ that draw energy from sunlight (4)_____, the answer might seem obvious: More sunlight reaching the ground in a warming world means that temperatures will get warmer (5)_____ Not so fast, some researchers say. Additional warming would be certain (6)_____ nothing else in the climate system changes. And the climate system is (7)_____ static. Some combinations of changes could reinforce the heating; others could (8)_____ it. Unraveling these interactions and forecasting their course require an accurate accounting of the sunlight reaching the surface and the (9)_____ the surface sends skyward. Moreover, researchers say, measurements of the sun"s strength at Earth"s surface are potentially powerful tools for (10)_____ human influences on the climate. Earth"s radiation "budget" (11)_____ an "extremely important parameter that is (12)_____ known," says Robert Charlson, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Washington at Seattle. "It needs to be (13)_____ much better than it is." (14)_____ about the amount of sunlight reaching Earth"s surface were first raised in 1974.@Researchers from the United States and Israel recorded a 12% drop (15)_____ sunlight over 40 years at a (16)_____ station in the southern Sinai Peninsula. Since then, others have used a variety of techniques to try to track (17)_____ sunlight. Three years ago, for example, a (18)_____ led by Beate Liepert at Columbia University"s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory gathered data from ground (19)_____ around the world and found that solar radiation reaching the surface fell (20)_____ 4% from 1961 to 1990.
The amount of sunlight reaching Earth"s surface appears to be growing. The phenomenon, which some dub "global brightening," (1)_____ scientists with a puzzle. If the (2)_____ is real and global, how long will it last and what are the consequences for climate change, the planet"s water cycle, and other (3)_____ that draw energy from sunlight (4)_____, the answer might seem obvious: More sunlight reaching the ground in a warming world means that temperatures will get warmer (5)_____ Not so fast, some researchers say. Additional warming would be certain (6)_____ nothing else in the climate system changes. And the climate system is (7)_____ static. Some combinations of changes could reinforce the heating; others could (8)_____ it. Unraveling these interactions and forecasting their course require an accurate accounting of the sunlight reaching the surface and the (9)_____ the surface sends skyward. Moreover, researchers say, measurements of the sun"s strength at Earth"s surface are potentially powerful tools for (10)_____ human influences on the climate. Earth"s radiation "budget" (11)_____ an "extremely important parameter that is (12)_____ known," says Robert Charlson, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Washington at Seattle. "It needs to be (13)_____ much better than it is." (14)_____ about the amount of sunlight reaching Earth"s surface were first raised in 1974.@Researchers from the United States and Israel recorded a 12% drop (15)_____ sunlight over 40 years at a (16)_____ station in the southern Sinai Peninsula. Since then, others have used a variety of techniques to try to track (17)_____ sunlight. Three years ago, for example, a (18)_____ led by Beate Liepert at Columbia University"s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory gathered data from ground (19)_____ around the world and found that solar radiation reaching the surface fell (20)_____ 4% from 1961 to 1990.
Jack S. Kilby, an electrical engineer whose invention of the integrated circuit gave rise to the information age and heralded an explosion of consumer electronics products in the last 50 years, from personal computers to cellphones, died Monday in Dallas. He was 81. His death, after a brief battle with cancer, was announced yesterday by Texas Instruments, the Dallas-based electronics company where he worked for a quarter century. (46)The integrated circuit that Mr. Kilby designed shortly after arriving at Texas Instruments in 1958 served as the basis for modern microelectronics, transforming a technology that permitted the simultaneous manufacturing of a mere handful of transistors(晶体管) into a chip industry that routinely places billions of Lilliputian(微小的) switches in the area of a fingernail.His achievement—the integration—yielded a thin chip of crystal connecting previously separate components like transistors, resistors and capacitors within a single device. For that creation, commonly called the microchip, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000. (47)During his career at Texas Instruments he claimed more than 60 patents and was also one of the inventors of the hand-held calculator and the thermal printer. But it was Mr. Kilby"s invention of the integrated circuit that most broadly shaped the electronic era."It"s hard to find a place where the integrated circuit doesn"t affect your life today," Richard K. Templeton, Texas Instruments" president and chief executive officer, said in an interview yesterday. "That"s how broad its impact is." It is an impact, Mr. Kilby said, that was largely unexpected. (48)"We expected to reduce the cost of electronics, but I don"t think anybody was thinking in terms of factors of a million," he said in an undated interview cited by Texas Instruments.(49)The remarkable acceleration of the manufacturing process based on the integrated circuit was later described by Gordon E. Moore, co-founder of the Intel Corporation, whose partner, Robert N. Noyee, invented another version of the integrated circuit just months after Mr. Kilby.In 1965, three years after the first commercial integrated circuits came to market, Dr. Moore observed that the number of transistors on a circuit was doubling at regular intervals and would do so far into the future. (50)The observation, which came to be known as Moore"s law, became the defining attribute of the chip-making industry, centered in what is now known as Silicon Valley, where Intel was based, rather than in Dallas.
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