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Arbitrariness and[填空1]are two aspects of language, the latter making language learning very hard.

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On any occasion, an utterance consists of three related acts： [填空1] act， [填空2] act, and [填空3]act. The first act is the basic act of an utterance, the [填空4]or conceptual meaning of an utterance. The second one refers to the intention or [填空5] of producing such an utterance. The third one is the [填空6] of the utterance on the hearer, either in agreement with illocutionary force or opposite to it.

Among the three acts, the [填空1] act is the main concern of Speech Act Theory, attempting to account for the ways by which speakers can mean more than what they say. It is also known as [填空2]speech act, whose understanding is based on the shared background knowledge and general powers of [填空3] and [填空4] of the hearer.

The Cooperative Principle was proposed by Oxford professor [填空1] in Logic and Conversation, which is a series of lectures given by him in 1975.

There are four maxims in CP: maxim of [填空1], maxim of [填空2], maxim of[填空3], and maxim of [填空4]. The first maxim makes sure what we say is as informative as required, the second means we do not say what we believe to be false, the third means what we say is relevant to the topic and the last means that we express ideas in a clear and orderly manner.