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Passage two Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage. Female applicants to postdoctoral positions in geosciences were nearly half as likely to receive excellent letters of recor ompared with their male counterparts. christopher intagliata report. As in many other fields,gender bias is widespread in the sciences. men score higher starting salaries, have more mentoring (指导), and have better odds of being hired.studies nigher starting also perceived as more competent than women in stem(science, technology, enging,and Mathematics) fields. and new research reveals that men are more likely to receive excellent letters of recommendation,too. "Say, you know, this is the best student I've ever had, "says kuheli dutt, a social scientist and diversity officer at columbia university's lamont campus. "compare those excellent letters with a merely good letter:'the candidate was productive, or intelligent, or a solid scientist or something that's clearly.solid praise,'but nothing that singles out the candidate as exceptional ot one of a kind." Dutt and her colleagues studied more than 1,200 letters of recommendation for postdoctor at positions in geoscience.they were all edited for gender and other idetifying information,so dutt and her team could assign them a scoer without knowing the gender of the student. they found that and women, th udes letters of recommendation from all over the world, and written by, yes,he findings are in the ioumal nature geoscience. Dutt says they were not able to evaluate the actual scientific qualificati Of the apsing the data in the files. but she says the results still suggest women in geoscience are at apotential disadvantage from the very beginning of their careers starting with those less than out-standing letters of recommendation. we re not trying to assign blame or criticize anyone or call anyone conscious. Its of this study to open up meaningful dialogues on implicit gender bias. be it at a departmental level or an institutional level or even a discipline level "which may lead to some recommendations for the letter writers themselves. What do the studies find about the recommendation letters for women applicants（）
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认为人脑开始只是一张“白纸”，没有特性也没有观念的是卢梭。
性格指个体在生活过程中形成的对现实的稳定的态度以及与之相适应的习惯化的行为方式。性格是人与人区别的主要方面，是人格的核心。
We all know there exists great void（空白）in the public educational system when it comes to（26）to STEM（Science,Technology,Engineering Mathematics）,One educator named Dori Roberts decided to do something to change this system. Dori taught high school engineering for 11 years.She noticed there was a real void in quality stem education at all（27）of the public educational system. she said,“I started Engineering for kids (EFK)after noticing a real lack of math, science and engineering programs to（28）my own kids in”She decided to start an after school program where children（29）in STEM-based competitions.The club grew quickly and when it reached 180 members and the kids in the program won several state（30）.she decided to devote all her time to cultivating and（31）it The global business EFK was born.Dori began operating EFK out of her Virginia home, which she then expanded to（32）recreation centers. Today, the EFK program（33）over 144 branches in 32 states within the United States and in 21 countries. Sales have doubled from $5 million in 2014 to $10 million in 2015,with 25 new branches planned for 2016. the EFK website states, “Our nation is not（34）enough engineers. Our philosophy is to inspire kids at a young age to understand that engineering is a great（35）.” 28（）
Why aren't you curious about what happened?A."you suspended ray rice after our video, a reporter from tmz challenged national football League commissioner roger goodell the other day. "why didn't you have the curosity to go to the casino(5)yourself? "the implication of the question is that a more curious.B.the accusation of incuriosity is one that we hear often carying the suggestion that there is something wrong with not wanting to search out the truth. " have been bothered for a long time about the curious lack of curiosity, "said a democratic member of the new jersey legislature back in july, referring to an insufficiently inquiring attitude on the part of an the george washington bridge traffic scandal " the mainstream media the least curious about what happened? "wrote conservative writer jennifer rubin earlier this year terring to the attack on americans in benghazi, Libya.C.the implication, in each case is that curiosity is a good thing,and a lack of curiosity is a problem are such accusations simply efforts to score political points for one's party? or is here something of particular value about curiosity in and of itself.D.the journalist lan leslie. in his new and enjoyable book curious: the desire to know and whyYour fatter depends on it, insists that the answer to that last question is yes. Leslie argues that curiosity is a much-overlooked human virtue, crucial to our success, and that we are losing it.E.we are suffering. he writes from a" deficit" the word""was coined by horace walpole in an 1854 letter from a tale of three princes whowere always making,discoveries by accident, of things they were not in search of, " worries that the rise of the intemet, among other social and technological changes, has reduced our appetite for aimless adventures no longer have we the inclination to let ourselves wander through tields of knowledges, ready to be surprised. instead, we seek only the information we want.F.why is this a problem because without curiosity we will lose the spirit of innovation and entrepreneurship. we will see unimaginative govemments and dying corporations make disas-trous decisions.We will lose a vital part of what has made humanity as a whole so successful as a species.G.leslie presents considerable evidence for the proposition that the society as a whole is growing less curious.In the U.S and Europe,for example,the rise of the internet has led to a declining consumption of news from outside the reader's borders.But not everything is to be blamed on techeology.The decline in interest in literary fiction is also one of the causes identified by Leslie.Reading literary fiction,he says,make us more curious.H.Moreover,in order to be curious,"you have to be aware of a gap in your knowledge in the first place."although leslie perhaps paints a bit broadly in contending that most of us are unaware of how much we don't know he's surely right to point out that the problem is growing: "Google can give us the powerful illusion that all questions have definite answers.I）Indeed, Google, for which leslie expresses admiration,is also his frequent whipping body(替罪羊).he quotes Google co-founder larry page to the effect that theperfect search engine willunderstand exactly what i mean and give me back exactly what i want "elsewhere in the book,leslie weites:"google aims to save you from the thirst of curiosity altogether.J.Somewhat nostalgically(怀旧地).he quotes john maynard keynes's justly famous words of praise to the bookstore: "one should enter it vaguely, almost in a dream, and allow what is there freely to attract and influence the eye to walk the rounds of the bookshops, dipping curiosity dictates, should be an afternoons entertainment. "if only!K.Citing the work of psychologists and cognitive(认知的)scientists, lesliecriticizes the re-ceived wisdom that academic success is the result of a combination of intellectual talent and hard work. curiosity,he argues, is the third key factor--and a difficult one to preserve,if not cultivated, it will not survive "childhood curiosity is a collaboration between child The surest way to kill it is to leave it alone.L.School education, he wams,is often conducted in a way that makes children incurious chil-dren of educated and upper-middle-class parents turn out to be far more curious,even at early ages than children of working class and lower class families that lack of curiosity produces arelative lack of knowledge,and the lack of knowledge is difficult if not impossible to compen. sate for later on.M）although leslie's book isn't about politics,he doesn't entirely toast cucial moments. there are serious consequence,be ba i 2 Political leaders, like leaders of other organizations,should betheTheyare serious conesquences.he warns, in not wanting to know.N.he presents as an example the failure of the george w bush administration to prepare prop-erly for the after-effects of the invasion of iraq. according to leslie,those who ridiculed former.Defense secretary donald rumsfeld for his 2002 remark that we have to be wary of the un-known unknownswere mistaken.rumsfeld's idea leslie writes," absurd- it was smart."he adds,"the tragedy is that he didn't follow his own advice."O.All of which brings us back to goodell and the christie case and benghazi. each critic in those curious.i leave it to the reader's political preference to decide which,if any charges should remaining determinedly incurious about our own. we should be delighted to pursue knowledge for its own sake--even when what we find out is something we didn't particularly want to. it is widely accepted that academic accomplishment lies in both intelligence and diligence.
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