题目内容
Every artist knows in his heart that he is saying something to the public. Not only does he want to say it well, but he wants it to be something which has not been said before. He hopes the public will listen and understand—he wants to teach them, and he wants them to learn from him. What visual artists like painters want to teach is easy to make out but difficult to explain, because painters translate their experiences into shapes and colors, not words. They seem to feel that a certain selection of shapes and colors, out of the countless billions possible, is exceptionally interesting for them and worth showing to us. Without their work we should never have noticed these particular shapes and colors, or have felt the delight which they brought to the artist. Most artists take their shapes and colors from the world of nature and from human bodies in motion and repose; their choices indicate that these aspects of the world are worth looking at, that they contain beautiful sights. Contemporary artists might say that they merely choose subjects that provide an interesting pattern, that there is nothing more in it. Yet even they do not choose entirely without reference to the character of their subjects. If one painter chooses to paint a gangrenous leg and another a lake in moonlight, each of them is directing our attention to a certain aspect of the world. Each painter is telling us something, showing us something, emphasizing something m all of which means that, consciously or unconsciously, he is trying to teach us. It is hard to explain what a painter is saying, because ______ .
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一、注意事项 1．《申论》考试，与传统作文考试不同，是对分析材料的能力、表达能力的考试。 2．作答参考时限：阅读资料40分钟，作答110分钟。 3．仔细阅读给定的资料，按照后面提出的“申论要求”依次作答。 二、资料 1．记者调查发现，目前，大学生到校外租房十分风靡。他们一般在学校附近找居民住宅、农民的房子和老师的闲置房子来居住，经济条件好的就一人租住，更多的是邀约志同道合的人合租。 张顺是昆明一所大学大四的学生。他和女友谈恋爱已经一年多了，最近刚到学校附近租了套两室一厅的房子，正儿八经地过起了“夫妻”生活。 “这样比较方便。”张顺毫不隐讳，“我们很相爱，将来也会结婚。我在一家不错的单位实习，毕业后便转正。因这份工作获得的收入足够维持租房的各种费用。每天我打工回家，女友已经把饭做好。吃完饭，我们一起散步、看电影、到学校图书馆看书，这样的日子非常舒服。”谈到家人的态度，张顺说：“我们都没有对家人说，这是我们两人的生活。” 据张顺介绍，他的七个社友中，有四个人是把女友带回宿舍留宿。 在大学生的宿舍里，这种情况屡见不鲜。学校发现问题的严重性，加强对大学生宿舍的管理后，促使部分学生选择在外租房，以便继续自己“可爱的小日子”。 记者还发现，大学生外出租房还有其他考虑。有的人是为了找个安静的环境专心致志考研，出于这种想法的基本上是大四年级的学生。云南师范大学一男生告诉记者，学校宿舍实在太嘈杂了，你需要休息的时候，别人在打闹；你想挑灯夜读的时候，别人又在休息。把握不好容易激发和同学之间的矛盾，所以干脆到外面居住，想看到几点钟都无所谓了。 有的人是不适应集体生活。云南省财贸学校张老师说，以前担任班主任的时候，不同年级、不同班次的同学都有过反映，称同宿舍里个别同学难以相处，经常为鸡毛蒜皮的小事和同学争执，闹得大家很不愉快。后经班主任调解无效，那些难以相处的同学都搬离了学校。张老师分析，像这些同学，大部分学生家境较好。在家的时候有人照顾，到了学校，什么都要靠自己，所以感到非常不习惯。 有的人则是不满意学校的住宿条件。许多学校在扩招后，其硬件设施跟不上需求。记者走访了云南师范大学、云南民族大学、云南艺术学院几所高校，谈到宿舍，学生们都没完没了说个不停。他们抱怨住宿条件差，不仅拥挤，还限电限水，洗澡、上卫生间都要到公共地域，一点隐私都没有。云南民族大学新闻系的一名同学反映，该学校分部的住宿条件比较差，男女生只能在同一栋楼混住，生活很不方便。所以，经济条件好的同学都到外面租房了。 有的人是为了打工期间不受学校的束缚。现在的大学生或纯粹希望锻炼能力，或因经济压力，或想打发时间，很多人从大一进校就开始到社会上找工作。工作多安排在下午和晚上，不能按时回到宿舍，影响了其他同学休息，也违反了校规。云南艺术学院一名学声乐的女生告诉记者，她的家境困苦，能上大学已经相当不容易了。为了不再给家人增添负担，她只好每天晚上到昆明几家酒吧表演。“有时候我一天可以跑三个场，收入还是比较可观的，但是我最早也得晚上12点以后回去，住在学校宿舍影响比较大。” 还有的人是苦于经济的压力。一般来说，8人同住的宿舍收费标准为每学年每人 400-600元，如果像云南大学鼎鑫等学生公寓的收费标准是每学年1200元。这笔费用对于许多贫困家庭的孩子来说是不小的数目。而租用的房子情况好一些，一般两室一厅的房子在城区要300-500元，在郊区只要200-300元左右。如果两个或三个人同住的话，每人平均支付100多元。从经济的角度考虑，住在外面要便宜多了。 记者了解到，不管缘于何种原因，那些到校外租住的大学生对现状比较满意。 昆明大学大四的李同学谈到此事便眉飞色舞：“我自大一就在学校附近租了一间小房子，每个月交200元钱的租费，比在学校住要划算。而且有了这个小天地，要做什么就可以做什么，不用受学校的约束，不用为一点小事和同学争吵，根据自己的意志去吃饭、睡觉……规整的生活总是让人喘不过气来。现在是张扬个性的年代，大学生应该有自己的空间，有自己的特点，有自己的追求。” 持此想法的学生不在少数。他们表示，大学生都已经是成年人了，有完全的民事行为能力，可以对自己负责。有的同学还欣然认为，在云南出现这种情况使很多家长和老师接受不了，但在上海、北京等地的学校却是非常普遍。如在上海的高校，学校对此没有明文规定。一般的，只要学生提出申请、填写退宿表格，由家长、辅导员和院系领导签字同意就可以了。“我们期待着一种新的学校管理模式的出现，那就是破除旧有的规章制度，走向宽松、和谐、更显人文关怀的氛围。” “目前我国的高等教育开始从精英化向大众化转变，高等教育的环境越来越开放，学校的管理也更加人性化。所以，或许因为学校现行的管理制度不适应当代大学生的需求，抑制了他们的成长和发展；或许因为大学生自己太渴望锻炼自己的能力、展现自我的风采，他们选择了这样一种方式，但这并不代表选择一个错误。只要把握好自己不做有违社会道德规范、有违学校校规、有违人之常情的事就行了，学校不应太多干涉。”一些社会学家表示理解。 2．自从云南大学发生震惊全国的“2．23”马加爵杀人案件后，云南高校立即采取措施对学校周围存在的各种安全隐患进行整治，但是涉及到学生外出租房问题就感到头疼。 “学生口口声声称需要个人空间、执意要到外面居住，老师若过分阻止，反而激起学生不满，动不动就提自主权，甚至威胁老师。但学生脱离学校管理后，其住宿情况、活动情况学校就很难掌握。万一发生什么事故，还是要来追究学校和老师的责任。这样令我们的学生工作很难开展。”云南艺术学院一位负责学生工作的教师无奈地说。 云南大学教授张跃说：“按照我们的了解，很多学生出去租房是为了谈恋爱、看录像、玩电脑、喝酒、唱歌、彻夜不归，其中许多人也因此沾染了社会上的不良风气，甚至走上犯罪道路。” 云南省社会治安综合治理委员会李主任也认为，这样做有三个不利：第一，很多出租房环境恶劣，治安混乱。像昆明理工大学白龙校区旁边的牛如箐(地名)有大量外来人口居住，致使校园内屡次发生抢劫、抢夺案件。在学校尚且如此，如果单独住在附近的出租房里，安全状况可想而知；第二，如果校外租住是为了安心学习，更好地锻炼自己的能力，那还能让大家接受，就怕是其他目的，比如说男女学生同居、做违法的事情等等；第三，脱离了学校与家庭的约束，很多学生会变得比较散漫，常常错过学校的学习安排。 “学生还是应该以学为主，这个期间步入社会就本末倒置了，我们又不需要他们赚钱来养活家人和自己。好好学习，掌握牢固的知识，等到将来真正进入社会的时候能够运用所学游刃有余，那不是很好的事情吗”一位儿子就读云南师范大学大二的郑先生非常不赞成学生外出租房。 记者随机采访了几位家长，他们的态度也是如此。他们纷纷表示现在的社会太复杂，如果孩子受到影响误入歧途，后悔就来不及了，我们无法评说大学生校外租房的对错，只能说从学校、家庭和学生方面都尽力做到最好，不要因为离开学校居住而影响了学习和正常的生活。现在的学生个性太强，倘若学校或家庭总是干预他们的决定将适得其反，只能采用劝说、告诫等方式让学生自愿回到学校或者自愿遵守学校对于外出租房的要求。云南大学学生处副处长、心理健康咨询服务中心主任张满堂这样认为。 云南大学教授张跃说，学校方面已经采取了相应的措施。一方面要尊重学生自己的选择，一方面要便于学校的管理，像云南大学对外出租房学生有了规章制度：学生必须填写要求校外租房的申请，说明理由，并由班主任、系主任和院主任签字同意。学校必须和该生家长联系，如果学生是昆明地区的，班主任必须亲自到家中把事情向家长说明，并征求他们的意见；如果学生是地州的，就打电话通知其家长知晓。如果家长同意了，学生要把自己详细的居住地址和联系方式留给学校，班主任抽空就去该出租房检查学生的居住情况，一旦发现有不合适的地方，立即建议学生回到学校。“这样虽然会增加教师太多的工作量，可是为了保证学生的人身安全也是必要的”。 请用不超过150字的篇幅，概括出给定材料所反映的主要问题。
简述创建数据字典的基本要求。
Despite Denmark’s manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they are to be Danes. When Danes talk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by commenting on its tininess, its unimportance, the difficulty of its language, the general small-mindedness and self-indulgence of their countrymen and the high taxes. It is the land of the silk safety net, where almost half the national budget goes toward smoothing out life’s inequalities, and there is plenty of money for schools, day care, retraining programs, job seminars—Danes love seminars: three days at a study centre heating about waste management is almost as good as a ski trip. It is a culture bombarded by English, in advertising, pop music, the Internet, and despite all the English that Danish absorbs—there is no Danish Academy to defend against it. It is the land where a foreigner is struck by the sweet egalitarianism that prevails. It’s a nation of recyclers—about 55 percent of Danish garbage gets made into something new—and no nuclear power plants. It’s a nation where things operate well in general. A brochure from the Ministry of Business and Industry says, "Denmark is one of the world’s cleanest and most organized countries, with virtually no pollution, crime, or poverty. Denmark is the most corruption-free society in the Northern Hemisphere." So, of course, one’s heart lifts at any sighting of Danish sleazo: skinhead graffiti on buildings ("Foreigners Out of Denmark!"), broken beer bottles in the gutters, dmnken teenagers slumped in the park. Nonetheless, it is an orderly land. However, Danes don’t think of themselves as a waiting-at-2-a, m.-for-the-green-light people. Danes see themselves as jazzy people, improvisers, more free spirited than Swedes, but the troth is that Danes are very much like Germans and Swedes. Orderliness is a main selling point. Denmark has few natural resources and limited manufacturing capability; its future in Europe will be as a broker, banker, and distributor of goods. You send your goods by container ship to Copenhagen, and these bright, young, English-speaking, utterly honest, highly disciplined people will get your goods around to Scandinavia, the Baltic States and Russia. Airports, seaports, highways and rail lines are ultramodern and well-maintained. The orderliness of the society doesn’t mean that Danish lives are less messy or lonely than yours or mine, and no Dane would tell you so. But there is a sense of entitlement and security that Danes grow up with. Certain things are yours by virtue of citizenship, and you shouldn’t feel bad for taking what you’re entitled to, you’re as good as anyone else. The rules of the welfare system are clear to everyone, the benefits you get if you lose your job,the steps you take to get a new one; and the orderliness of the system makes it possible for the country to weather high unemployment and social unrest without a sense of crisis. The fact that "there is no Danish Academy to defend against it" shows that the British culture.
Children are a relatively modem invention. Until a few hundred years ago they look like adult, wearing grown-up clothes and grown-up expressions, performing grown-up tasks. Children did not exist because the family as we know it had not evolved. Children today not only exist; they have taken over in no place more than in America, and at no time more than now. It is always Kids Country here. Our civilization is child-centered, child-obsessed. A kid’s body is our physical ideal. In Kids Country we do not permit middle-aged. Thirty is promoted over 50, but 30 knows that soon his time to be overtaken will come. We are the first society in which parents expect to learn from their children. Such a topsy-turvy situation has come to abort at least in part because, unlike the rest of the world, ours is an immigrant society, and for immigrants the only hope is in the kids. In the Old Country, that is, Europe, hope was in the father, and how much wealth he could accumulate and pass along to his children. In the growth pattern of America and its ever- expanding frontier, the young man was ever advised to GO WEST; the father was ever inheriting from his son. Kids Country may be the inevitable result. Kids Country is not at all bad. America is the greatest country in the world to grow up in because it is Kids Country. We not only wear kids clothes and eat kids food; we dream kids dreams and make them come tree. It was, after all, a boys’ game to go to the moon. If in the old days children did not exist, it seems equally true today that adults, as a class, have begun to disappear, condemning all of us to remain boys and girls forever, jogging and doing push-ups against eternity. Which of the following sentences is the main idea of this passage
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