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TEXT A Several years ago I visited Egypt. After leaving Cairo and traveling through the hot desert sands I eventually found myself standing in the shadow of the Great Pyramid of Cheops—one of the mighty wonders of the ancient world. Entering a small doorway in the pyramid’s base I climbed upwards towards the center. And there I was at the heart of this great stone mountain in the burial chamber of a Pharaoh. As I stood there, I reflected on where I was. Was I in the middle of the tomb of a king, the most powerful ruler the world has ever known Or was I at the center of something much more mysterious A monument of such mathematical accuracy and advanced architecture that the modern world can only marvel at A magical shape built by a civilization whose knowledge and wisdom have been lost today I was silent in wonderment. The Great Pyramid at Giza, built for the Pharaoh Cheops, is large, to say the least. It is built from 2300000 blocks of stone, each weighing 15 tons, and as Napoleon’s scientists calculated, it contains enough stone to build a huge wall all around France. At the time when it was completed (over 5,000 years ago), it must have been magnificent-covered in white limestone and topped by a cap of solid gold. Yet ever today it is a marvel—and even more than that, a mystery. How did the Egyptians (who still hadn’t discovered the wheel) build such a huge monument; each stone put together with such precision that architects today would have difficulty copying How were these huge stones cut, carried and lifted into place, when the people only had simple wooden rollers, levers and primitive tools But perhaps these are the least of the Great Pyramid’s mysteries. For it is quite possible that this pyramid was not used as a tomb at all. In A.D. 800, when the Sultan of Baghdad, Al Mamud, finally managed to reach the central burial chamber of Cheops (after tunelling passed large stones that blocked the entrance), he found nothing! The chamber was empty. Unlike other tombs that possessed the kings’ priceless treasures, this one was completely empty. Nothing was there. Was the Great Pyramid something other than a tomb In 1638 an Oxford professor measured the king’s chamber and was shocked by its "exact" size. Even Sir Isaac Newton became interested in the pyramid’s perfect shape. However, it was John Taylor, the editor of The Observer, whose studies brought about the most amazing discovery. He showed, quite clearly, by the measurements of the pyramid, that the early Egyptians must have known the value of pi. Amazingly, they were 4000 years ahead of their time. The Pyramid of Cheops now became a great mystical symbol with strange magical powers. It has even been suggested recently that it was built with the help of aliens from outer space. A UFO landed and its occupants taught the Egyptians all their skills. On a more realistic level, British astronomer Richard Proctor believed that the pyramid was a hut observation room for viewing the stars and calculating the movement of the heavens, Not only are the sides of the pyramid perfectly lined to the tour points the compass, but the passage to the king chamber is precisely in line with it Pole Star. It became, obvious that builders of the pyramid also knew that the World was round. They knew the exact itude of the Earth, the length of the Earth’s orbit around the sun, the acceleration of gravity and the speed of light. Another idea is that this shape is a giant clock-its great shadow use for calculations on the sand. The Egyptians could keep a constant record of time and know easily the length each year. In fact the Czech engineer Karel Drbal was so interested in all he heard about the Great Pyramid that he built a small replica of it out of wood. He found a definite relationship between the shape of the space inside the pyramid and the physical, chemical and biological processes going on inside the space. Into his pyramid he placed a razor blade (at the same level as the king Chamber) and, to his astonishment, he found it always saved sharp. However much he shaved with it, if he put it back in the pyramid it remained sharp. Today you can even buy the Cheops Razorblade Sharpener in the shops and there arc also pyramid-shaped milk and yogurt cartons that are said to keep their contents fresher for a longer period of time. Sleeping within a pyramid structure is supposed to give beautiful dreams and a much rested body and mind in the morning: Buts of all the mysteries of the Great Pyramid, it is the one offered by the Institute of pyramidology (yes, there is one!) in London that stirs my imagination most. They say that by using the measurements and mathematical properties of the shape, the future can he predicted. They claim that Cheops predicted the crucifixion is of Christ and the beginning of World War One. And what of tomorrow Well, if the Great Pyramid is right, then at least those of us in the 20th century are saved, The Day of Judgment, the "end of the world", will be in 2979. Perhaps then, when the dust clears (and that is left standing is the Pyramid of Cheops), a UFO land at once again and little green men (the same ones hijacked the planes in the Bermuda Triangle) will jump out and dance on the hot sands. (938 words) Karel Drbal found that his model pyramid could ______.
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TEXT B In a democratic society citizens are encouraged to form their own opinions on candidates for public office, taxes, constitutional amendments, environmental concerns, foreign policy, and other issues. The opinions held by any population are shaped and manipulated by several factors: individual circumstances, the mass media, special-interest groups, and opinion leaders. Wealthy people tend to think differently on social issues from poor people. Factory workers probably do not share the same views as white-collar collar, nonunion workers. Women employed outside their homes sometimes have perspectives different from those of full-time homemakers. In these and other ways individual status shapes one’s view of current events. The mass media, especially television, are powerful influences on the way people think and act. Government officials note how mail from the public tends to "follow the headlines". Whatever is featured in newspapers and magazines and on television attracts enough attention that people begin to inform themselves and to express opinions. The mass media have also created larger audiences for government and a wider range of public issues than existed before. Prior to television and the national editions of newspapers, issues and candidates tended to remain localized. In Great Britain and West Germany, for example, elections to the national legislatures were usually viewed by voters as local contests. Today’s elections are seen as struggles between party leaders and programs. In the United States radio and television have been beneficial to the presidency. Since the days of Franklin D. Roosevelt and his "fireside chats", presidents have appealed directly to a national audience over the heads of Congress to advocate their programs. Special-groups spend vast sums annually trying to influence public opinion. Public utilities, for instance, tried to sway public opinion in favor of nuclear power plants. Opposed to them were citizens’ organizations that lobbied to halt the use of nuclear power. During the 1960s the American Medical Association conducted an unsuccessful advertising campaign designed to prevent the passage of medicare. Opinion leaders are usually such prominent public figures as politicians, show-business personalities, and celebrity athletes. The opinions of these individuals, whether informed and intelligent or not, carry weight with some segments of the population. Some individuals, such as Nobel Prize winners, are suddenly thrust into public view by the media. By quickly reaching a large audience, their views gain a hearing and are perhaps influential in shaping views on complex issues. (393 words) The second paragraph is mainly about ______.
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