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Passage Four Scientists are closely concerned with the structure of buildings and with the quality of building materials. The World Health Organization(WHO) observes that the introduction of air conditioning and energy conservation measures have been accompanied by growing problems of indoor air quality. Some pollutants arise from insulation products, some from moving cars, and others from modern housing materials. As many Europeans spend up to 90% of their lives in buildings, the health effects of the indoor climate are very important. Some construction materials, including fiberboard, insulation foams and certain glues for man-made wood floor boards, for example, gives out organic products such as formaldehyde(甲). Heat and humidity increase the release of formaldehyde and the gas seriously harms the eyes. Paint, lacquer, etc. can also release dangerous gas into indoor air. Construction materials can cause serious damage, especially when they contain asbestos(石棉). Asbestos is naturally present in rock formations worldwide. It belongs to a family of mineral substances composed of solid, non-combustible fiber. These properties make asbestos a highly sought-after construction material. As early as 1931, however, public health officers in the United Kingdom revealed the connection between breathing in asbestos dust and such diseases as lung cancer. The land on which a building is sited may also contribute to pollution. Some kinds of granite or similar rocks contain traces of radium(/~i ). As it breaks down, this naturally radioactive element produce some kind of radioactive gas that goes through tiny cracks in walls, floors and building materials, and makes its way into the building and the rooms. The better the homes are insulated, the more is the dangerous gas in indoor air. The main effect of this dangerous gas on health is to increase the risk of lung cancer. Why are Europeans particularly concerned with building materials
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Directions: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by six questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Passage One It’s not just your imagination. In cities from coast to coast, the use of Spanish is booming, and is proliferating in ways no other language has before in the U.S. history--other than English of course. It’s this sort of environment that is a cause for concern for many. Mauro Mujica heads a group called "U. S. English," which lobbies for official English laws across the country. He’s concerned that with so many Spanish speakers entering the country, the U.S. will become a nation split by language, much like Canada. "Now we’re beginning to divide ourselves, to split along linguistic lines. We’re beginning to see pockets of people who speak other languages and no English whatsoever. " His fear is hardly universal. Gregory Rodriguez is a fellow with the New America Foundation, a non-partisan think-tank based in Washington, D.C. He calls Mujica’s arguments "ridiculous. " "This process of immigrant enclaves (少数民族聚集地) and linguistic enclaves is an age-old American process. We’ve all heard the quotes from Benjamin Franklin about his concerns that German- Americans would never assimilate. These concerns are as old as the American republic. " Rodriguez argues that the current boom in the use of Spanish is due ahnost entirely to new immigrants, and that their children will, at least for the most part, learn English. He points to 1990 census data, which indicates that by the third generation, two-thirds of all Hispanic children speak English exclusively. Whether that number is going up or down will be difficult to determine since the Census Bureau didn’t track that information in its most recent census. But there may be at least one piece of anecdotal evidence. Spanish-language movie theaters once flourished in the Los Angeles area. There were dozens of these theaters just fifteen years ago. Today there are only seven. "There is a myth that somehow immigrants come to the most powerful nation in the world simply to resist its cultural embrace," says Rodriguez. "But it is a myth. " Immigrant enclaves are, of course, common throughout American History. German and Polish enclaves were common throughout the Midwest. The Italians flourished in New York. But those languages largely faded from use in the U.S. Few are predicting that will happen with Spanish. It’s here to stay, although we won’t know its ultimate impact for generations. The problems caused by immigrants’ speaking their mother tongues ______.
Passage One Just 30 years ago some 700 million people lived in cities. Today the number stands at 1,800 million, and by the end of the century it will be up to 3,000 million-more than half the world’s estimated population. By the year 2000 an estimated 650 million people will crowd into 60 cities of five million or more-three quarters of them in the developing world. Only a single First World city-metropolitan Tokyo, which will have 24 million people-is expected to be among the global top five; London, ranked second in 1950 with ten million people, will not even make 2000’s top 25. In places where rates of natural population increase exceed three percent annually-meaning much of the Third World-that alone is enough to double a city’s population within 20 years. But equally powerful are the streams of hopeful migrants from the countryside. What faces and confuses urban planners is the huge scale of these trends. There have never been cities of 30 million people, let alone ones dependent on roads, sewer and water supplies barely adequate for urban areas a tenth that size. And the flood of new arrivals in swelling Third World cities far overtakes the supply of jobs-particularly as modem industries put a premium on technology rather than manpower. So it will be virtually impossible to find permanent employment for 30 to 40 percent of the 1,000 million new city inhabitants expected by the year 2000. Despite the terrible conditions that the city newcomers face, their numbers are growing at rates as much as twice that of the cities themselves-and every step taken to improve their living conditions in the slums only attracts more migrants. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage
Passage Two Water pollution affects man’s health, recreational use of water, industrial of water and sense of beauty. The spread of water-carried disease is of great concern. In highly developed countries in particular, emphasis has shifted from concern over bacterial disease to concern over water-carried viral(病毒性的) disease. Viral hepatitis(肝炎), for example, has been found to occur more frequently in cities whose water supplies have comparatively high levels of water impurity. Poisonous chemicals found in streams that are ultimately used for water supplies also create an important public health problem. It is clear that poisonous chemicals must be excluded from water, but more and more chemicals from new pesticides, fertilizers, and other new products have been found in water. Since the public health significance of these chemicals is not yet fully known, they are of increasing concern. The chemicals from fertilizers are also finding their way into water supplies from groundwater pollution. As man’s desire for water-based recreation increases, greater demands are placed on the quality of water. The water must not only be attractive in appearance but also meet certain other conditions. Sports such as swimming involve direct contact with water, and so water standards are raised higher. The range of water quality necessary for industrial processes varies greatly with the intended use of water. The water used in steel mills, for example, must have a lower chloride(氯物) level than that accepted for drinking water. Cooling water can often be of comparatively low sanitary quality. A large part of the water used in the paper-making industry can be of relatively low quality in some aspects, but must contain little iron and carbon dioxide. According to the passage, water-based recreation demands that______
Passage Three Musicians are fascinated with the possibility that music may be found in nature; it makes our own desire for art seem all the more essential. Over the past few years no less a bold musical explorer than Peter Gabriel has been getting involved. At the Research Center in Atlanta, Georgia, he has been making music together with Kanzi, one of the bonobo apes (倭黑猩猩) involved in the long-term language acquisition studies of Sue and Duane Savage-Rumbaugh. I have seen the video of Kanzi picking notes out on a piano-like keyboard, with Gabriel and members of his band playing inside the observation booth in the lab. (They did it this way because Kanzi had bitten one of his trainers a few days previously—interspecies communication is not without its dangers. ) The scene is beautiful, the ape trying out the new machine and looking thoughtfully pleased with what comes out. He appears to be listening, playing the right notes. It is tentative but moving, the animal groping for something from the human world but remaining isolated from the rest of the band. It is a touching encounter, and a bold move for a musician whose tune Shock the Monkey many years ago openly condemned the horrors of less sensitive animal experiments than this. What is the scientific value of such a jam session The business of the Research Center is the forging of greater communication between human and animal. Why not try the fertile and mysterious ground of music in addition to the more testable arena of simple language The advantage of hearing music in nature and trying to reach out to nature through music is that, though we don’t fully understand it, we can easily have access to it. We don’t need to explain its workings to be touched by it. Two musicians who don’t speak the same language can play together, and we can appreciate the music from human cultures far from our own. Music needs no explanation, but it clearly expresses something deep and important, something humans cannot live without. Finding music in the sounds of birds, whales and other animals makes the farther frontiers of nature seem that much closer to us. Kanzi the ape ______.
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