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While the world’s flu fighters have concentrated on countering the H1N1 swine flu, bird flu H5N1 has quietly continued to take its (62) on both poultry and humans. Last year, 17 countries, (63) from Germany to Japan, reported outbreaks of H5N1 in (64) poultry and wild birds; and the World Health Organization, which still says H5N1 causes a worldwide threat, recoded 72 human (65) , 32 of them fatal. The major outbreak, entering its (66) year, is still in the developing countries of Asia. Indonesia (67) accounted for 19 of the 32 H5N1 deaths; Vietnam, (68) 5. But there are signs of (69) . The number of human deaths has been (70) since peaking at 79 in 2006. And fewer countries reported outbreaks in 2009 than in 2008. Partnership researchers compared notes on the effectiveness of control measures. Scientists reported that carefully (71) killing can be just as effective as wide spread killing, and less (72) . Others reported that reducing risk among those (73) backyard poultry has to be a community-wide effort, since changing the practices of (74) farmers has proven difficult. In particular, Science Insider reported that a 3- year-old regional investigation network is making (75) in sorting out the role of wild birds. Some water birds (76) thought to be spreading the virus, such as the Asian open bill stork, are now known to quickly die of H5N1 infection, Wiriyarat says. But pas serine species , or perching birds, are apparently (77) the virus without ill effects, says an Asian zoologist. He also adds that there is a high (78) of outbreaks in poultry and passerine movements. Wiriyarat says it is still (79) what is causing the outbreak, whether there is a natural storage for H5N1, and how the virus is (80) between domestic and wild birds. But while that research continues, the most effective way to reduce the amount of virus in (81) is to control outbreaks in poultry, he says.
Returning to Science Teresa Garrett was working part-time as a biochemistry postdoc (博士后). She had an infant at home, and she was miserable. She and her husband were considering having a second child. She didn’t like leaving her daughter with a daycare provider, and she wondered if her slim income justified the expense of child-care. She decided to stay home full time. It was a lonely but practical decision, she says. She hadn’t ruled out the possibility but she did not expect to return to science: After all, the conventional wisdom would equate several years of parenting leave with the end of a research career. Garrett eventually had two daughters and spent their early years at home. The challenge of managing a science career and personal and family obligations is not a new issue, particularly for women. In a career where productivity and publications define your value, can you take a couple of years off and then make a successful return When you do, will employers trust your devotion to your job For Garrett, the answer to both questions was "Yes". First, she found a short-term teaching tutor at Duke University, the institution where she had done her Ph. D. And then Christian Raetz, who had been her Ph. D. adviser, offered her a postdoc. The timing was perfect: She was ready to start a more regular work schedule, and her husband was interested in starting a business. Today, she is a chemistry professor at Vassar College. Garrett credits Raetz both for his faith in her abilities and his willingness to judge her contributions on quality and productivity and not the number of hours she spent in the laboratory. "People are always shocked to know that you can take time off and come back," she says.Returning to research after an extended personal leave is possible, but it may not be straightforward. Progress can be slow and there may be some fallout from a break. The path back doesn’t come with a road map or a timeline. Your reentry will have a different rhythm than your initial approach because this time you have to balance your career with the needs of a family. The uncertainty can make you feel isolated and alone. But if you are persistent and take advantage of the resources that are available, you can get it done. Stepping Sideways After time away from the work force, it’s particularly easy to underestimate your value as a scientist and--hence--to take one or more backward steps. Don’t, says Ruth Ross, who nearly made that mistake after spending 4 years at home with her children. A Ph. D. pharmacologist with industry experience, she applied for a technician job at the University of Aberdeen in the United Kingdom as she planned her return to science. She would have taken the job if it had been offered, she says, but "that probably would have been a bad career move". As it turned out, the university decided she was over-qualified. Instead of taking a step back, take a step sideways: If you left a postdoc, return to a postdoc, perhaps with a special career reentry fellowship. A faculty member at Aberdeen encouraged Ross to apply for a newly established career reentry fellowship from the Well come Trust. Funding from that organization supported her postdoctoral research until the university hired her into a faculty position in 2002. After 2 years at home with her son and twin daughters followed by 3 years searching for project management jobs in the biotech industry, biochemist Pla Abola got wind of an opening at the Molecular Sciences Institute (MSI). An MSI staff scientist needed skills like hers but lacked money, so the two applied jointly for an NIH career reentry supplement. She’s now a protein biochemist and grant writer at Prosetta Bioconformatics. Independence and Flexibility Instead of stepping backward or sideways, physicist Shireen Adenwalla took a step forward. Instead of taking another postdoc, she set up an independent research program on soft money. Early in her career, Adenwalla took 15 months off, caring for her first child and then looking for another postdoc. When she and her physicist husband decided to move to the University of Nebraska, Lincoln--he had accepted a tenure track position Adenwalla turned down postdoc opportunities. Instead she arranged a visiting faculty position, followed by a post as a research assistant professor. "I think that was a very smart thing," she says today. "Establishing an independent research program is very important." Her starting salary was just $15 000, and she got just $ 5 000 in start-up assistance. She borrowed equipment, taught courses, took on graduate students, and published her research. She had a lab and an office, but both got moved around-her lab three times, her office twice. Adenwalla missed having real start-up money, her own equipment, and the institutional investment that comes with a tenure-track position. On the other hand, she was her own boss, so she was able to take 6 months off when she had her second child and work part time for a while after her third child was born. Eventually she was hired to a tenure-track post. Flexible or part-time hours can smooth the transition back into tile scientific work force. Some reentry fellowships specify a part-time option and most are accommodating, but even if you don’t have a fellowship you can ask for a work schedule that meets your needs. Ross, for example, took advantage of the part-time provision of the Well come Trust Fellowship. When Garrett took the position on the Lipid Maps grant, she negotiated a 30-hour-a-week schedule. Patience: an Essential Virtue Two months before physicist Marija Nikolic-Jaric’s scheduled dissertation defense at Simon Fraser University, her husband was diagnosed with an aggressive brain tumor. Over the next 17 months, she focused on her husband and his cancer treatments. After his death, she moved with her little son to Winnipeg to be near family. She tried to jump-start her thesis project several times, the first in 1998, but she wasn’t ready yet and became discouraged. Eventually, she found the motivation to return. She started from the beginning, with a new approach. She finished her Ph. D. in 2008. Now a postdoc at the University of Manitoba, she has moved into a new research area-biomicrofluidics. This year, her work is supported by an M. Hildred Blewett Scholarship, a career reentry grant from the American Physical Society. Elizabeth Freeland, too, continues to work toward a permanent research position a decade after her return. When she followed her future husband to his postdoc at Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York, and subsequently to Chicago, Illinois, she wasn’t able to find a compatible research opportunity. Since then, she has cared for the couple’s two young children, taught part time, and found a few short-term research opportunities, some paid, others not. Like Nikolic-Jaric, Freeland is a physicist, and like that other physicists she switched fields. Freeland moved from condensed matter theory to high-energy physics. She scraped together two one-year postdoctoral grants, the first from the American Association of University Women and the second is a Blewett Scholarship. Unable to find a permanent position locally, in September she started a one-year postdoc at Washington University in St Louis. The location is challenging, she says, but she is encouraged by the support of her mentors (导师). And because her work is theoretical, she can spend alternate weeks at home with her husband and school-age children. It’s a great research opportunity, she says, one she hopes will someday yield a job closer to her family. She also runs a Web site for physicists navigating career breaks. Finding Your Own Way Back Though students sometimes see her as a role model, Adenwalla cautions that what worked for her might not be the best solution for others. "You have to find what’s right for you," she says, and ignore those with different circumstances and needs. Her own journey was a tradeoff, she says. On the plus side, she was able to pick her children up at school every day. On the minus side, she says, "there was a fear inside me that 1 would never make it." Garrett tells everyone about her journey, even noting it on her Vassar Web site. "Both young women and young men who are coming up through their career path need to know about the different ways that you can have a good and satisfying career in science." When Garrett stayed at home, she was prevented from expecting to return to science by ______.
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