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In terms of the syntactical strategy, S1 of abstract 3 emphasizes the research findings immediately by using “we introduce a new language representation model” which uses the first-person pronoun to claim the authors’ contribution. Moreover except sentence 1, all the other four sentences use the new language representation model BERT as the subject to highlight the research findings.

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In terms of the discoursal strategy, abstract 3 employs discoursal strategy 1 “Compress or delete unnecessary sections to foreground the results if applicable” as it mainly focuses on the new findings in the research.

What type of abstracts does the following abstract belong to? Identifying new product opportunities must be a prerequisite for a firm's sustainable growth since it can help create new market segments. In this regard, a number of studies have attempted to suggest systematic methods to discover new technological opportunities. However, from these methods, it is difficult to figure out which products can come into the market as a result of the technological opportunities. Moreover, they have tried to measure generic potential values without considering a specific target firm so it is hard to judge whether the discovered opportunities are technically feasible to the target firm. These problems tend to reduce the practicality of the discovered technological opportunities. Therefore, this paper proposes a systematic approach to identify potential product opportunities by reflecting the target firm's internal capabilities. The capabilities are inherently unobservable so we need to figure out substitutes for the firm's capabilities. The existing products belonging to a firm can be generally a basis for developing new products. The firm is already good at dealing with the existing products so we consider the firm's existing product portfolios its internal capabilities. We first extract product information from patent database using text mining technique, and then generate product connection rules represented as directed pairs of products. Finally, we evaluate potential value of product opportunities taking into account a firm's internal capabilities. An empirical study is conducted to show the applicability of the presented approach using patents granted in the United States Patent and Trademark Office during 2009 and 2013.We expect that our approach can facilitate product-oriented R&D by presenting a front-end model for new product development and deriving feasible product opportunities according to the target firm's internal capabilities. Moreover, the presented systematic approach can be a basis for an R&D planning system that can help R&D planners in performing product-oriented technology planning activities.Reference: Wonchul Seo , Janghyeok Yoon , Hyunseok Park, Byoung-youl Coh , Jae-Min Lee, Oh-Jin Kwond. Product opportunity identification based on internal capabilities using text mining and association rule mining Technological Forecasting & Social Change [J]. 105 (2016) 94–104.

A. The BPMRC/D model
B. The IMRC/D model
C. The result-driven abstract
D. The structured abstract

Decide whether the following statement is true or false. The present tense, the active voice and the personal style are employed to describe the research objectively and scientifically.

Decide whether the following statement is true or false. The employment of the present/past tense, the passive voice and the impersonal style aim to highlight the authors' contribution.