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The Need for New National Values The word "good" in "the national good" in the second paragraph probably means ______. A. virtue B. contribution C. benefit D. property

As the 21st century begins, a number of leaders in politics, education, and other professions believe that the United States must adopt some new values to go along the older traditional ones. What new values should Americans adopt This is a very difficult question to answer. Certainly, a greater value should be placed on the conservation of natural sources; Americans should learn to use less and waste less. But conservation has never been a strong value to Americans, who have believed that their country offered an endless, abundant supply of natural resources. Recently, progress has been made--more and more Americans are recycling their paper, cans, bottles, and other goods--but old wasteful habits die hard. Furthermore, their need to protect the environment may conflict with the need for job, as in the Northwest, where conservationists battle lumber companies that want to cut down ancient redwood trees. A belief in the value of conservation is still weak compared with other American values; it can become stronger only as Americans see the need for it more clearly.
B. In addition, Americans may need to place a stronger value on cooperation on a national scale to achieve important national objective. The American idea of the national good has never been based on national cooperation but rather on the freedom of the individual, maintaining those conditions that provide the greatest freedom and prosperity for the individual. It is far more difficult for Americans to accept shared sacrifice for the common good and well-being of the entire country. For example, although the majority of Americans believe that is extremely important to balance the national budget and reduce the deficit, they do not want to see cuts in government programs that benefit them personally.
C. The American value of competition also hinders the development of a spirit of national cooperation. Competition sometimes encourages feelings of suspicion rather than the mutual trust that is necessary for successful national Cooperation. Although Americans often cooperate successfully on the local level--in neighborhood groups and churches, for example they become suspicious when the national government becomes involved. For example, on the national level, they may see themselves as part of an interest group that is competing with other interest groups for government funds. A request by the national government for shared sacrifice may be seen as coercive and destructive rather than voluntary and constructive. However, the demands of the 21st century may compel Americans to place a greater value on national cooperation to solve problems that affect them all, directly or indirectly

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Blind people usually possess one advantage over other people who can see: their sense of hearing is far more acute. Sounds which most others would miss can carry a great deal of information to a sightless person. For instance, teams of blind children can enjoy fast-moving games of soccer with a bell inside the ball and a new hand-held ultrasonic device to guide them. And that sound-location system could help to build up an even more complete sound picture of a blind person’s surroundings. Bats, whose sight is poor, use a sound-location system to help them avoid obstacles in the dark. They send out pulses of sound waves, pitched at 50,000 cycles per second, far above the limits of the human ear, which can hear sounds up to frequencies of about 20,000 cycles per second. As the echoes bounce back off obstacles such as trees and walls, the bats are able to take appropriate action. The first steps to help blind people to see with sound are based on exactly the same principle. The sound is emitted by an ultrasonic torch, shaped like a double-barreled version of a normal electric torch. It works in a similar Way to a sonar u nit on a warship or submarine. The unit’s transmitter sends out pulses of ultrasonic waves at the same frequency as the bat, and the receiver picks up the returning echoes. Because these are still above the frequency at which the human ear can pick them up, the echoes are filtered through circuits which turn them into clearly audible ’ bleeps’ before passing them into headphones. This means that a person holding the torch can point it ahead of him and ‘scan’the area for obstacles over a range of about 25 ft. ff there are no return echoes coming through the headphones, then there is nothing in the way. If echoes do come back, then the closer the obstruction, the faster the succession of bleeps and the deeper the pitch of each bleep. With practice the torch could help a blind person to lead a more normal life -- without needing a constant companion to guide him. Experienced operators of the torch system claim they can distinguish grass from bushes, trees, pests and curbstones. But before blind people can be helped to feel really independent, the system needs to be more streamlined. At pres ent, the experimental ultrasonic torch requires a shoulder bag to carry the batteries, cables for the power supplies and earphones, in addition to the torch itself. But miniaturization of electronic equipment is making such rapid progress that it should not be long before the whole set-up can be reproduced in a form small enough to fit into a pair of spectacles. The transmitter and power supplies, with all the circuitry, would be packed into the bridge-piece above the nose. The sending and receiving sensors would be in the ’ lenses’. And the filtered bleeps would be passed on to the wearer through the earpieces, as with present-day hearing-aid spectacles. This would mean that scanning one’s surroundings would become instinctive. The wearer would face in the direction he wanted to check, and lift or lower his head just as a sighted person would. The attempt to help blind people to see with sound ______.

A. was similar to the sound location system of the bats
B. led to a product that sent out sound waves of about 20,000 cycles per second
C. was experimented on a submarine
D. turned out to be a failure

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Blind people usually possess one advantage over other people who can see: their sense of hearing is far more acute. Sounds which most others would miss can carry a great deal of information to a sightless person. For instance, teams of blind children can enjoy fast-moving games of soccer with a bell inside the ball and a new hand-held ultrasonic device to guide them. And that sound-location system could help to build up an even more complete sound picture of a blind person’s surroundings. Bats, whose sight is poor, use a sound-location system to help them avoid obstacles in the dark. They send out pulses of sound waves, pitched at 50,000 cycles per second, far above the limits of the human ear, which can hear sounds up to frequencies of about 20,000 cycles per second. As the echoes bounce back off obstacles such as trees and walls, the bats are able to take appropriate action. The first steps to help blind people to see with sound are based on exactly the same principle. The sound is emitted by an ultrasonic torch, shaped like a double-barreled version of a normal electric torch. It works in a similar Way to a sonar u nit on a warship or submarine. The unit’s transmitter sends out pulses of ultrasonic waves at the same frequency as the bat, and the receiver picks up the returning echoes. Because these are still above the frequency at which the human ear can pick them up, the echoes are filtered through circuits which turn them into clearly audible ’ bleeps’ before passing them into headphones. This means that a person holding the torch can point it ahead of him and ‘scan’the area for obstacles over a range of about 25 ft. ff there are no return echoes coming through the headphones, then there is nothing in the way. If echoes do come back, then the closer the obstruction, the faster the succession of bleeps and the deeper the pitch of each bleep. With practice the torch could help a blind person to lead a more normal life -- without needing a constant companion to guide him. Experienced operators of the torch system claim they can distinguish grass from bushes, trees, pests and curbstones. But before blind people can be helped to feel really independent, the system needs to be more streamlined. At pres ent, the experimental ultrasonic torch requires a shoulder bag to carry the batteries, cables for the power supplies and earphones, in addition to the torch itself. But miniaturization of electronic equipment is making such rapid progress that it should not be long before the whole set-up can be reproduced in a form small enough to fit into a pair of spectacles. The transmitter and power supplies, with all the circuitry, would be packed into the bridge-piece above the nose. The sending and receiving sensors would be in the ’ lenses’. And the filtered bleeps would be passed on to the wearer through the earpieces, as with present-day hearing-aid spectacles. This would mean that scanning one’s surroundings would become instinctive. The wearer would face in the direction he wanted to check, and lift or lower his head just as a sighted person would. How do blind children play soccer

A. They listen to the sound of the ball bouncing.
B. They ask an adult to guide them.
C. They hold a bell in their hands.
D. They put a bell inside the ball.

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The Need for New National Values What new values should Americans adopt A. Conservation and cooperation. B. Cooperation and competition C. The need for jobs. D. The freedom of the individual.

As the 21st century begins, a number of leaders in politics, education, and other professions believe that the United States must adopt some new values to go along the older traditional ones. What new values should Americans adopt This is a very difficult question to answer. Certainly, a greater value should be placed on the conservation of natural sources; Americans should learn to use less and waste less. But conservation has never been a strong value to Americans, who have believed that their country offered an endless, abundant supply of natural resources. Recently, progress has been made--more and more Americans are recycling their paper, cans, bottles, and other goods--but old wasteful habits die hard. Furthermore, their need to protect the environment may conflict with the need for job, as in the Northwest, where conservationists battle lumber companies that want to cut down ancient redwood trees. A belief in the value of conservation is still weak compared with other American values; it can become stronger only as Americans see the need for it more clearly.
B. In addition, Americans may need to place a stronger value on cooperation on a national scale to achieve important national objective. The American idea of the national good has never been based on national cooperation but rather on the freedom of the individual, maintaining those conditions that provide the greatest freedom and prosperity for the individual. It is far more difficult for Americans to accept shared sacrifice for the common good and well-being of the entire country. For example, although the majority of Americans believe that is extremely important to balance the national budget and reduce the deficit, they do not want to see cuts in government programs that benefit them personally.
C. The American value of competition also hinders the development of a spirit of national cooperation. Competition sometimes encourages feelings of suspicion rather than the mutual trust that is necessary for successful national Cooperation. Although Americans often cooperate successfully on the local level--in neighborhood groups and churches, for example they become suspicious when the national government becomes involved. For example, on the national level, they may see themselves as part of an interest group that is competing with other interest groups for government funds. A request by the national government for shared sacrifice may be seen as coercive and destructive rather than voluntary and constructive. However, the demands of the 21st century may compel Americans to place a greater value on national cooperation to solve problems that affect them all, directly or indirectly

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In recent decades child specialists have tried more and more to help parents with their children’s school behavior. Schools of education (31) tended to emphasize subject matter (32) what the children are being taught, but attention increasingly is being paid to the children themselves. One area (33) emphasized is the matter of a (34) developmental or "maturity" level--that is, the child’s (35) of readiness for starting school. Research demonstrated that a major (36) of children who fail in school (37) primarily because of their immaturity and their unreadiness for the work of the (38) that law designates: age five for kindergarten, age six for first grade. Common sense (39) us that not all five-year-olds have reached (40) average level of performance expected (41) age five. Thus many five-year-olds fail in kindergarten and six-year-olds fail in first grade (42) because of a "learning disability" or "attention deficit disorder" but simply because (43) are in a too-advanced grade. Experience has shown that the number of (44) learners can be substantially reduced by a policy of (45) every child’s readiness--that is, (46) level before beginning school. This concept has (47) widely. Many school systems now routinely provide not only readiness testing but also extra grade (48) : pre-kindergarten or "developmental" kindergarten for a year (49) full kindergarten; and pre-first grade for six-year-olds not fully (50) for first grade.

A. problem B. rate C. issue D. degree

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