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Business has slowed, layoffs mount, but executive pay continues to roar-at least so far. Business Week’s annual survey finds that chief executive officers (CEOs) at 365 of the largest companies got compensation last year averaging $3.1 million-up 1.3 percent from 1994. Why are the top bosses getting an estimated 485 times the pay of a typical factory worker That is up from 475 times in 1999 and a mere 42 times in 1980. One reason maybe what experts call the "Lake Wobegon effect". Corporate boards tend to reckon that "all CEOs are above average" -a play on Garrison Keillor’s famous line in his public radio show, A Prairie Home Companion, that all the town’s children are "above average". Consultants provide boards with surveys of corporate CEO compensation. Since directors are reluctant to regard their CEOs as below average, the compensation committees of boards tend to set pay at an above-average level. The result: pay levels get ratcheted (一步步地增加) up. Defenders of lavish CEO pay argue there is such a strong demand for experienced CEOs that the free market forces their pay up. They further maintain most boards structure pay packages to reflect an executive’s performance. They get paid more if their companies and their stock do well. So companies with high-paid CEOs generate great wealth for their shareholders. But the supposed cream-of-the-crop executives did surprisingly poorly for their shareholders in 1999, says Scott Klinger, author of this report by a Boston-based Organization United for a Fair Economy. If an investor had put $10,000 apiece at the end of 1999 into the stock of those companies with the 10 highest-paid CEOs, by year-end 2000 the investment would have shrunk to $8,132. If $10,000 had been put into the Standard & Poor’s 500 stocks, it would have been worth $9,090. To Mr. Klinger, these findings suggest that the theory that one person, the CEO, is responsible for creating most of a corporation’s value is dead wrong. "It takes many employees to make a corporation profitable." With profits down, corporate boards may make more effort to tame executive compensation. And executives are making greater efforts to avoid pay cuts. Some CEOs, seeing their options "under water" or worthless because of falling stock prices, are seeking more pay in cash or in restricted stock. According to the passage, Scott Klinger thinks ______.
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New Product Will Save Lives Drinking water that looks clean may still contain bugs (虫子), which can cause illness. A small company called Genera Technologies has produced a testing method in three stages, which shows whether water is safe. The new test shows if water needs chemicals added to it, to destroy anything harmful. It was invented by scientist Dr. Adrian Patton, who started Genera five years ago. He and his employees have developed the test together with a British water company. Andy Headland, Genera’s marketing director, recently presented the test at a conference in the USA and forecast good American sales for it. Genera has already sold 11 of its tests at $42,500 a time in the U.K. and has a further four on order. It expects to sell another 25 tests before the end of March. The company says it is the only test in the U.K. to be approved by the government. Genera was formed five years ago and until October last year had only five employees; it now employs 14. Mr. Headland believes that the company should make around $19 million by the end of the year in the U.K. alone. Genera Technologies has developed a method that determines whether water is clean.
合同法律关系是由主体、客体、标的物三个要素构成的。
What should be done if one wants to gain or lose weight The process of gaining or losing weight can be explained by comparing your body to your car. Both run 1 fuel, food for your body and gasoline for your car. Both 2 that fuel, first into heat, then energy, some of 3 is used to do work, and some emitted as waste. And 4 your car uses more energy when the engine is racing than when it is idling, 5 does your body use more energy when you are working hard than 6 you are resting. For the purpose of this comparison, 7 , there is one significant difference between them. Your car cannot store fuel by turning it into 8 else; all gasoline not 9 remains as gasoline. But your body stores 10 energy as fat. When the gas tank is 11 empty, the car won’t run; but your body can burn fat to provide more energy. Therefore, if you want to gain weight, you must do 12 of two things: eat more calories (units of heat, therefore energy), or use less through 13 . If you want to lose weight, you do the 14 , decrease your intake of calories or increase the amount of energy you spend. There is 15 way. Gaining or losing weight is always a relation between intake and output of potential energy.
Genocide Many people feel that human beings are responsible for the disappearance of some other animal species. While we may have hastened the disappearance of some, abundant evidence suggests mankind has had little impact. Biologists point out that 50 species can be expected to disappear in the twentieth century but also remind us that about 50 species can be expected in the nineteenth century, and 50 species in each of the centuries before that. Dr. T.H. Jukes at the University of California has pointed out that about 100 million animal species have become extinct since life began on Earth about 3 billion years ago. Thus, animals come and animals go as a natural consequence of something Mr. Darwin discovered. The human race is a recent newcomer to the scene, so we’ve had nothing whatsoever to do with the disappearance of millions of species. In fact, when it comes right down to it, we’re a miserable failure at genocide (种族灭绝). In spite of an all-out centuries-old war on rats, we haven’t made a dent in their numbers, much less extinguished a single species. And in spite of all our high technology we haven’t been successful in eliminating a single undesirable insect species! A friend of mine owns most of the Douglas DC-7 aircrafts left in the world. They make excellent spray planes because they can carry a lot of insecticide and fly for a very long time over great distances. Last year, his company sprayed most of the western Sahara and the Sahel regions of Africa to hold down the locusts and grasshoppers. This year, the environmentalists put pressure on the U.N. to stop it because dieldrin and malathion might cause an increase in the cancer risk of people in the western Sahara and the Sahel. As a result, the hoppers and locusts are back by the zillions and the crops are failing. But the people of West Africa certainly aren’t going to worry about dying of cancer; they are dying of starvation instead. I’ve come to the conclusion that the people who are trying to save the world are probably quite sincere about it but they don’t know much about science and certainly nothing about systems engineering. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase "made a dent in their numbers" (Sentence 2, para. 2)
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