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Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious (31) to how they can best (32) such changes. Growing bodies need movement and (33) , but not just in ways that emphasize competition. (34) they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the (35) that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are (36) by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be (37) to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, (38) publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, (39) student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide (40) opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful (41) dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the (42) of some kind of organization with a supportive adult (43) l visible in the background. In these activities, it is important to remember that young teens have (44) attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized (45) participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to (46) else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants (47) . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. (48) they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by (49) for roles that are within their (50) and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.
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Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious (31) to how they can best (32) such changes. Growing bodies need movement and (33) , but not just in ways that emphasize competition. (34) they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the (35) that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are (36) by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be (37) to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, (38) publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, (39) student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide (40) opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful (41) dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the (42) of some kind of organization with a supportive adult (43) l visible in the background. In these activities, it is important to remember that young teens have (44) attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized (45) participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to (46) else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants (47) . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. (48) they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by (49) for roles that are within their (50) and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.
Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious (31) to how they can best (32) such changes. Growing bodies need movement and (33) , but not just in ways that emphasize competition. (34) they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the (35) that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are (36) by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be (37) to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, (38) publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, (39) student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide (40) opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful (41) dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the (42) of some kind of organization with a supportive adult (43) l visible in the background. In these activities, it is important to remember that young teens have (44) attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized (45) participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to (46) else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants (47) . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. (48) they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by (49) for roles that are within their (50) and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.
World War II initiated the concept of "total war"--war that involved all, civilians and military alike, in the war effort. This was not really new. Lazare Camot had anticipated it during the French Revolution with his call for "a nation in arms". But never before World War II had nation been required to draw so heavily upon the total human resources available to them. In each country, there was a propaganda effort to portray every person in the state as personally involves in the struggle being waged. In the United States, "Rosie the Riveter" was as much a part of the picture as "G. I. Joe". The German "Rosies" were not as likely as their American counterparts to be working as riveters, but from 1942 on, they and their children were to face terrors of war as severe as those experienced by their front-line soldiers. Shivering from fear of being buried alive in the cellars that served as air-raid shelters, they had to emerge from those areas of modest security to extinguish the fire bombs that sizzled in the attics above before entire houses were incinerated. Each explosive bomb that fell could mean life or death for each person who heard it coming, depending on where it fell and how big it was. There is no rational way of rendering judgment on the moral aspects of the Allied bombing. It did, of course, kill Nazis and anti-Nazis alike; women and children as well as men; prisoners of war and foreign workers as well as Germans; professors, artists, musicians, and farmers, as well as workers in munitions factories. And the mode of death, as will be seen, was often shocking and gruesome. But it is faulty to assume that without the bombing all those who perished would have survived and would have met death more peacefully. Land invasion would have meant the ravaging of cities by heavy artillery, tanks, and flame throwers, the desperate flight of thousands of civilians (which indeed occurred on Germany’s eastern front), and the ultimate collapse of all forces of order, with internecine fighting, famine, and disease as likely accompaniments. Neither can one assume that more churches, famous monuments, paintings, library books, and so forth would have survived. That those who stopped the bombs had pangs of guilt in respect to the suffering they caused and the cultural wealth they destroyed is a credit to their humanitarian sensitivities. But sentiments of revulsion are more appropriately directed at war itself, which inevitably brutalizes those involved, destroys normal sensitivities, and opens the way to rape, pillage, and want of destruction. A "clean", "humane" war is an impossibility. The author concludes the passage by pointing out that
Pageants (露天演出) are usually conceived on a fairly large scale, often under the auspices of some local or civic authority or at any rate in connection with local groups of some kind. This sometimes means that there is an allocation of funds available for the purpose of mounting the production, though unfortunately this will usually be found to be on the meagre side and much ingenuity will have to be used to stretch it so that all performers can be adequately clothed. Most pageants have a historical flavor as they usually come about through the celebration of the anniversary of some event of historic importance, or the life or death of some local worthy. Research among archives and books in the pubfic library will probably prove very useful and produce some workable ideas which will give the production an especially local flavor. From the first economy will have to be practised because there are usually a great number of people to dress. Leading characters can be considered individually in the same way as when designing for a play; but the main body of the performers will need to be planned in groups and the massed effect must be always borne in mind. Many pageants take place in daylight in the open air. This is an entirely different problem from designing costumes which are going to be looked at under artificial lighting; for one thing, scenes viewed in the daylight are subject to many more distractions. No longer is everything around cut out by the surrounding darkness, but instead it is very easy to be aware of disturbing movement in the audience or behind the performers. Very theatrically conceived clothes do not always look their best when seen in a daylight setting of trees, verdant lawns and old ivy-covered walls; the same goes for costumes being worn in front of the mellow colors of stately homes. The location needs to be studied and then a decision can be made as to what kinds of colors and textures will harmonize best with the surroundings and conditions and then to carry this out as far as possible on the funds available. If money is available to dress the performers without recourse to their own help in the provision of items, it is best to arrange for all the cutting and pinning together of the costumes to be done by one or two experienced people than to be given out to the groups and individuals for completion. When there is little or no money at all, the garments need to be reduced to the basic necessities. Cloaks and shawls become invaluable, Sheets and large bath towels and bath sheets are admirable for draping. Unwanted curtains and bedspreads can be cut to make tunics, robes and skirts. These are particularly valuable if they are of heavy fabrics, such as velvet or chenille. Colors should be massed together so that there are contrasting groups of dark and light, this will be found to help the visual result substantially. Crowds of people gathered together in a jumble of colors will be found to look quite purposeless and will lack dramatic impact. It is implied that pageants held in the evening has the advantage that
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