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There are many types of reports. A report is simply (56) of something that has happened. The commonest are (57) We get them in newspapers, over radio and (58) television. Sometimes (59) also show us newstreel. The main purpose of a newspaper (60) provide news. If you (61) a newspaper closely, you will find that there are all types of news. accidents, floods, fires, wars, sports, books, etc. The news (62) everything that (63) to people and their surroundings. Sometimes there are news items which are very (64) The big (65) bold words above the news items (66) headlines. Their purpose is to (67) attention so that people will buy the newspaper because they want to read (68) of the news. A news report is usually very short, (69) when it is about something very important, but it (70) a lot of information. It is also (71) in short paragraphs. The first paragraph is in (72) a summary of the news item. It gives all the necessary information: what, when, where, how, why. The other paragraphs give (73) of the subject. There may also be interviews (74) people. The words actually spoken by them are within inverted commas. Often there are photographs to go (75) the news to make it more interesting.
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Questions 14 to 17 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the passage. What is unusual about the island of Martha’s Vineyard
Physical Features of the CountryThe Map The map on the adjoining page represents the portion of the North American continent which is at the present time occupied by the people of the United States. As you look upon the map imagine that you are in the air, looking down upon it as from a balloon, and take notice of what you see. On the east and on the west are the shores of two oceans. That on the east is the Atlantic. The Pacific is on the west.The Lake Country Toward the north is an immense tract of nearly level land, covered with forests, all of which are filled with water and form lakes, some large and others small. This land, though level, is high, so that there is a very considerable though gradual descent from the lakes to the ocean. The lakes are kept constantly full by the rains and by the melting of the snows, and the surplus waters flow off in one vast channel, northward and eastward to the sea. One of the large lakes, though still much higher than the sea, is marked as a low lake, for it is two or three hundred feet below the level of the others, and the water flowing from the upper lakes into it, in descending from one level to the other, passes over a high precipice (悬崖), thus producing an immense fall, which is the celebrated Niagara (尼亚加拉大瀑布). The surplus waters of all the large lakes flow off finally in a northeasterly direction, almost exactly parallel to the coast until they reach the sea. The river thus formed is now known as the St. Lawrence.All this region of the lakes is inhabited — during the summer season, immense numbers of beasts run upon the land, birds fly in the air, and fishes swim in the water. In the winter, the region is buried deep in ice and snow. The birds at that season have all flown. The animals have retired to dens and holes, where some sleep, torpid (蛰伏), till the spring returns, and others digging beneath the frosty ground, gain their livelihood there by digging for roots, or gnawing (咬) the bark of trees, or catching the fish that are still swimming in the shallow waters.The Great Central Valley South of the lake country, and occupying a very large portion of the whole interior of the continent, is a broad though shallow valley, bounded both on the east and on the west by ranges of mountains. The extent of the valley is marked on the map, not only by the mountains which bound it on the east and on the west, but also by the ramifications (支流) of the great river which drains it. These ramifications are seen spreading in every direction, like the branches of a mighty tree, and meeting in the south in one great trunk. This is the great river Mississippi, with its thousand tributaries (支流).The Soil of the Great Valley The soil of the whole valley is extremely fertile. However, it is so broad and so shallow that it would have more the appearance of an extended plain than of a valley. It is what is called an alluvial (冲积的) formation; that is, a very large portion of the territory has been covered with deposits (沉淀物) from the rivers themselves, left after overflows and floods. These deposits have accumulated, in the course of ages, to a great depth, and they form an exceedingly rich and fertile soil. The rivers twist and turn this way and that in meandering (蜿蜒) through these plains. When it rains hard or snows begin to melt, huge water washes the banks, and brings down great masses of earth and great numbers of immense trees into the water. The earth thus washed in is carried down by the flood. After being mingled with a great variety of animal and vegetable remains, the earth is distributed over widely extended districts below. When the water has overflowed the banks, the soil is covered by a new layer of fertility.Formation of Islands in the River The trees float on, too, upon the current (水流，洪流). Some trees might still be dragged by their roots and get lodged along the banks or in the bed of the stream. In this latter case they intercept others coming down, and so create an obstruction, around which sand and sediment (沉淀物) accumulate, until an island is formed. There is another way by which islands are formed. The river is washing continually upon its banks, and sometimes cuts through a narrow neck. A new channel is thus made for a part of the water, while the rest flows on round the circuit in the old course. By this means an island is formed, which may, perhaps, continue for centuries to divide the stream. No one lives in the region of the lakes.
The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photograph’s fidelity to appearances and dependence on a machine allowed it to be a fine art as distinct from merely a practical art. Throughout the nineteenth century, the defence of photography was identical with the struggle to establish it as a fine art. Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality, photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged way of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and no less worthy an art than painting. Ironically, now that photography is securely established as a fine art, many photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to label it as such. Serious photographers variously claim to be finding, recording, impartially observing, witnessing events, exploring themselves—anything but making works of art. They are no longer willing to debate whether photography is or is not a fine art, except to proclaim that their own work is not involved with art. It shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art. Photographers’ disclaimers of any interest in making art tell us more about the harried status of the contemporary notion of art than about whether photography is or is not art. For example, those photographers who suppose that, by taking pictures, they are getting away from the pretensions of art as exemplified by painting remind us of those Abstract Expressionist painters who imagined they were getting away from the intellectual austerity of classical Modernist painting by concentrating on the physical act of painting. Much of photography’s prestige today derives from the convergence of its aims with those of recent art, particularly with the dismissal of abstract art implicit in the phenomenon of Pop painting during the 1960’s. Appreciating photographs is a relief to sensibilities tired of the mental exertions demanded by abstract art. Classical Modernist painting—that is, abstract art as developed in different ways by Picasso, Kandinsky, and Matisse—presupposes highly developed skills of looking and a familiarity with other paintings and the history of art. Photography, like Pop painting, reassures viewers that art is not hard; photography seems to be more about its subjects than about art. Photography, however, has developed all the anxieties and self-consciousness of a classic Modernist art. Many professionals privately have begun to worry that the promotion of photography as an activity subversive of the traditional pretensions of art has gone so far that the public will forget that photography is a distinctive and exalted activity—in short, an art. At present, many serious photographers
Like most people, I was brought up to look upon life as a process of getting. (76) It was not until in my late thirties that I made this important discovery: giving-away makes life so much more exciting. You need not worry if you lack money. This is how I experimented with giving-away. If an idea for improving the window display of a neighborhood store flashes to me, I step in and make the suggestion to the storekeeper. One discovery I made about giving-away is that it is almost impossible to give away anything in this world without getting something back, though the return often comes in an unexpected form. One Sunday morning the local post office delivered an important special delivery letter to my home, though it was addressed to me at my office. I wrote the postmaster a note of appreciation. More than a year later I needed a post office box for a new business I was starting. I was told at the window that there were no boxes left, and that my name would have to go on a long waiting list. As I was about to leave, the postmaster appeared in the doorway. He had overheard (无意中听到) our conversation. "Wasn’t it you that wrote us that letter a year ago about delivering a special delivery to your home" I said yes. "Well, you certainly are going to have a box in this post office if we have to make one for you. You don’t know what a letter like that means to us. We usually get nothing but complaints.\ The author would make the suggestion to the storekeeper ______.
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