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Most of the 20th century has been a development on the Industrial Revolution taken to an extreme; people now own more products than ever before; there are enough nuclear weapons to destroy the earth several times over; there is hardly any forest left and pollution has got to the point where we buy water. Within a few years I predict you will be able to buy air. (There once was a time when you didn’t need to buy food or shelter either, but it’s too late now.) Important developments in the last century are the breaking down of the class structures left over from the Industrial Revolution stage, bringing with it the empowennent of the "common man"; the working day is set by law to only 8 hours a day, everyone has the vote (even women!), the media has less obvious government control, people have landed on the moon, sent probes to mars and so on. Families have also shrunk drastically; the nuclear family came about, and especially in the last half of the 20th century, one-parent families are becoming more and more common. This shrinking in the size of the family shows the increased independence of people--once upon a time people had to live in large groups (tribes) to survive. As humans have "become the gods", they have realised their individuality and independence and taken their control of the world to an extreme. In many countries the land is almost completely utilised in the production of food and as living space, and they live in small clusters (cities) which are entirely human constructed, made from materials which are also entirely human constructed (concrete, bricks) with hardly any remnants of nature. Weeds are poisoned because they are messy; even parks have trees grown in tidy lines; grass is mowed to keep it short and so on. I think the massive drug "problem", afflicting people is a result of too much of this influence, humans needing to escape the stark world they have created by entering fantasy worlds. Over the last 100 years, the 20th century consciousness has spread throughout the world; most of Asia has been thoroughly "Westernized", and most of the third world is being overrun by western ways of doing and living. At the end of the passage, the author expresses
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To an adolescent who dreams of dominating the basketball court, synthetic human growth hormone may look like a godsend. To biotechnology watchdog Jeremy Rifkin, it has a more sinister aspect. The 5-foot-7 activist doesn’t view short stature as a medical problem, and he’s appalled that the US government is sponsoring a 10-year study to see whether the treatment will make healthy children taller. In a new petition to the National Institute of Health, Rifkin and his Washington-based Foundation on Economic Trends charge that the study violates federal rules restricting medical experiments on children. No one expects the petition to shut down the study, but it has rekindled a long-simmering debate over what makes a difference a defect. Synthetic human growth hormone was approved in 1985 as a treatment for kids who don’t produce the substance naturally. The manufacturers would like to find a large clientele. The disputed NIH trial, now in its second year, is designed to see what effect the treatment will have on kids with normal hormone levels, but who fall at the lowest end of the height curve. Half of the 80 participants get injections of synthetic growth hormone three times a week. The others get dummy injections. To measure the effects of the treatment, researchers will monitor all the kids until they stop growing. Advocates of the drug’s wider use insist that while short stature is no disease, it can be a social handicap. They cite research showing that short people tend to lag in school, earn less money, and even lose elections. Twelve-year-old Marco Oriti has normal hormone levels but has always been small. After six years of treatment he’s still five inches behind some peers, but his mother credits the drug with narrowing the gap. Small risk: Someone else’s parents may find a smaller gap worrisome. Should any child with nervous parents receive years of costly medical treatment If the risks are minimal, and the public isn’t paying the bill, maybe there’s no harm (synthetic growth hormone isn’t known to cause serious side effects at standard doses.) But the implications are unsettling. If short stature is to be treated as a medical disorder, Rifkin asks, what other perceived handicap will follow Skin color Some researchers share those misgivings but defend the NIH study as an effort to identify the drug’s possibilities. At the moment, no one knows whether it will increase a normal child’s adult height or simply help him attain it faster. If synthetic growth hormone does not provide extra inches, says Dr Lynnette Nieman of NIH, the debate over treating healthy kids will be questionable. Maybe so. But if the drug works, science alone won’t tell us how to use it. Which of the following is NOT included in the disputed NIH trial
根据以下资料回答86-90题。2006年，全国研究与试验发展(R&D)经费总支出为3003.1亿元，比上年增加553.1亿元，研究与试验发展(R&D)经费投入强度为1.42%。按研究与试验发展人员(全时工作量)计算的人均经费支出为20万元，比上年增加2万元。从研究类型看，基础研究经费支出为155.8亿元，比上年增长18.8%；应用研究经费支出为504.5亿元，增长16.4%；试验发展经费支出为2342.8亿元，增长24.3%。从执行部门看，各类企业经费支出为2134.5亿元，比上年增长27.5%；政府部门属研究机构经费支出567.3亿元，增长10.6%；高等学校经费支出276.8亿元，增长14.2%。从产业部门看，七大行业的研究与试验发展(R&D)经费投入强度超过1%。医药制造业为1.76%，专用设备制造业为1.7%，电气机械及器材制造业为1.48%，通用设备制造业为1.47%，交通运输设备制造业为1.38%，橡胶制造业为1.19%，通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业为1.19%。从地区看，研究与试验发展(R&D)经费支出超过100亿元的有北京、江苏、广东、上海、山东、浙江、辽宁、四川和陕西9个省(市)，共支出2154亿元，占全国经费总支出的71.7%。研究与试验发展投人强度达到或超过全国平均水平的有北京、上海、陕西、天津、江苏、辽宁和浙江7个省(市)。 2006年研究与试验发展经费支出低于100亿元的省（市）的平均支出为（）。
Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
Questions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.
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