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Scientists have come up with a theory for why time flies when you are having fun and drags when you are bored. Scans have shown that (62) of activity in the brain change depending on how we focus on a task. Concentrating on time passing, as we do when bored, will (63) brain activity which will make it seem as though the clock is ticking more (64) . The research, by the French Laboratory of Neurobiology and Cognition, is published in the magazine Science. In the study, 12 volunteers watched an image while researchers (65) their brain activity using MRI(核磁共振成像) scans. Volunteers were given a (66) of tasks. In one they were told to concentrate simply on the duration of an image, in (67) they were asked to focus on the (68) , and in a third they were asked to concentrate on both duration and color. The results showed that a network of brain regions was (69) when more subjects were paid attention to duration. It is thought that if the brain is busy focusing on many aspects of a task, then it has to spread its resources thinly, and pays less (70) to time passing. Therefore, time passes without us really (71) it, and seems to go quickly. (72) , if the brain is not stimulated in this way, it concentrates its (73) energies on monitoring the passing of time. This may make time seem to (74) , but in fact it is probably a more accurate perception of reality. (75) the researchers found that the more volunteers concentrated on the duration of the images, the more (76) were their estimates of its duration.Lead researcher Dr. Jennifer Coull said many of the areas of the brain (77) in estimating time were the same that played a key role in controlling movement, and (78) for action. She said this overlap suggests that the brain may make sense of time as (79) between movements, in much the same way (80) musicians mark time with his foot, or (81) anticipate the sound of a starter’s pistol.
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Text 3 The American Academy of Pediatrics raised eyebrows recently when it released new guidelines saying that pacifiers may protect against Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. The use of pacifiers for sleeping infants has always been controversial, both in families and medical circles-- the World Health Organization (WHO) says they should not be given to breast-fed infants. Yet here was an authoritative body, representing US pediatricians, suggesting pacifier use at sleep-time might actually save lives. The Washington Post’s "New SIDS policy recommends pacifiers" was typical of the headlines. What wasn’t reported was the fact that the announcement dismayed experts in several counties--including Canada--who have found no justification for such a recommendation. Some even worry the advice could increase the risk for certain babies. Neither was it reported that three of the doctors working on the research pulled out because they disagreed with some of the AAP’s conclusions. Researchers have spent years trying to unravel the mystery of SIDS, which still causes about 150 Canadian babies to die unexpectedly in their sleep each year. Studies in several countries have revealed a number of factors that increase the risk of death, including sleeping on the stomach, maternal smoking, and a family’s low socio-economical status. As for pacifiers, the AAP based its Oct. 10 recommendation on an academic paper, to be published this month in the journal Pediatrics by US pediatrician Dr. Fern Hauck. According to Hauck, four studies show that after "controlling for a variety of factors including sleeping position, usual pacifier use was associated with a significant reduced risk of SIDS." But other experts say there are too many unanswered questions. Dr. Peter Fleming, a professor of pediatrics at Bristol University and also one of the world’s leading authorities on SIDS, says researchers were surprised when they began finding that pacifiers were associated with a lower risk of SIDS. "It didn’t make sense" he says. "So we asked more detailed questions." What he and his team discovered was that the rate of pacifier use was similar for the group of babies who died from SIDS and matched groups of healthy babies. However, among habitual pacifier users there was an increased rate of SIDS death for babies who didn’t use a pacifier for their last sleep. Fleming believes the pacifier connection with reduced SIDS death might have to do with the fact that infants sleep and breathe differently when they are sucking. Fleming and his colleagues videotaped 10 infants while they slept, and observed that while sucking, they breathed more slowly and deeply and had fewer episodes of minor obstructed breathing. All these factors could conceivably protect a child from SIDS. But the improved breathing was observed not just with pacifiers but also among babies who sucked on a finger, a thumb, or their mother’s emptied breast. The potential problem with pacifiers, Fleming believes, is that babies who use them appear to "forget" how to suck. "My concern is that increased pacifier use could suppress a fundamental human behavior--finger or thumb-sucking- and we don’t know what the adverse consequences might be." Who voiced opposition to the use of pacifiers on infants
Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following talk on tattoo. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 to 13. Two points on a tattooed body feels distinct at what distance
Section ADirections: This section is to test your ability to give proper answers to questions. There are 5 recorded questions in it. After each question, there is a pause. The questions will be spoken two times. When you hear a question you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C)and D) given in your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
In order to rent and drive a car in Japan, you require a Japanese driving license or an international driving permit. In case of France, Germany and Switzerland, an official translation of your home country’s driving license is required. International driving permits must be obtained in your home country, usually through the National Automobile Association, before you leave for Japan. They are valid for one year and must be accompanied by your home country’s driving license in order to be valid. Japan recognizes only international driving permits, which are based on the Geneva Convention of 1949. Some countries, such as France, Germany and Switzerland, however, issue international driving permits, Which are based on different conventions. The permits issued by those countries are not valid in Japan. Instead, people with a French, German or Swiss driver’s license can drive in Japan for up to one year with an official Japanese translation of their driving licenses. Contact the respective embassies or consulates in Japan for details on how to obtain a recognized translation. The minimum age for driving in Japan is 18 years. What kind of permit should one obtain if he wants to rent or drive a car in Japan
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