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听力原文：M: Did the party come off last night ？
W: Yes, but many didn’t show up.
Q: What do we learn from the conversation？
(13)
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M: I an afraid that's impossible because I haven't been able to come up with the cash, and someone else has already made a down payment on it.
Q: What does the man imply？
(16)
Bird Brains
Cracking Walnuts
The scene: a traffic light crossing on a university campus in Japan. Carrion crows and humans line up patiently, waiting for the traffic to halt. When the lights change, the birds hop in front of the cars and place walnuts, which they picked from the adjoining trees, on the road. After the lights turn green again, the birds fly away and vehicles drive over the nuts, cracking them open. Finally, when it's time to cross again, the crows join the pedestrians and pick up their meal.
Biologists already knew the corvine family--it includes crows, ravens, rooks, magpies and jackdaws--to be among the smartest of all birds. But this remarkable piece of behavior. would seem to be a particularly acute demonstration of bird intelligence. Researchers believe they probably noticed cars driving over nuts fallen from a walnut tree overhanging a road. The crows already knew about dropping clams from a height on the seashore to break them open, but found this did not work for walnuts because of their soft green outer shell.
Other birds do this, although not with quite the same precision. In the Dardia Mountains of Greece, eagles can be seen carrying tortoises up to a great height and dropping them on to rocks below.
Do Birds Have Intelligence？
Scientists have argued for decades over whether wild creatures, including birds, show genuine intelligence. Some still consider the human mind to be unique, with animals capable of only the simplest mental processes. But a new generation of scientists believes that creatures, including birds, can solve problems by insight and even learn by example, as human children do. Birds can even talk in a meaningful way.
Good Memory
Some birds show quite astonishing powers of recall. A type of North American crow may have the animal world's keenest memory. It collects up to 30,000 pine seeds over three weeks in November, and then carefully buries them for safe keeping across over an area of 200 square miles. Over the next eight months, it succeeds in retrieving over 90 percent of them, even when they are covered in feet of snow.
Making and Using Tools
On the Pacific island of New Caledonia, the crows demonstrate a tool-making, and tool using capability comparable to Paleolithic man's. Dr Gavin Hunt, a New Zealand biologist, spent three years observing the birds. He found that they used two different forms of hooked "tool" to pull grubs from deep within tree trunks. Other birds and some primates have been seen to use objects to forage. But what is unusual here is that the crows also make their own tools. Using their beaks as scissors and snippers, they fashion hooks from twigs, and make barbed, serrated rakes or combs from stiff leathery leaves. And they don't throw the tools away after one use--they carry them from one foraging place to another.
Scientists are still debating what this behavior. means. Man's use of tools is considered a prime indication of his intelligence, is this a skill acquired by chance？ Did the crows acquire tool making skills by trial and error rather than planning？ Or, in its ability to adapt and exploit an enormous range of resources and habitats, is the crow closer to humans than any other creature？
Dr Hunt said this of his research: "There are many intriguing questions that remain to be answered about crows' tool behavior. Most important would be whether or not they mostly learn or genetically inherit the know-how to make and use tools. Without knowing that it is difficult to say anything about their intelligence, although one could guess that these crows have the capability to be as clever as crows in general."
The woodpecker finch is another consummate toolmaker; It will snap off a twig, trim it to size and use it to pry insects out of bark. In captivity, a cactus finch learnt how to do this by watc
听力原文：W: The doctor should be able to see you in a few minutes. I just need some information from you first. What seems to be the problem？
M: Well, as you can see, I've got a rash on my hands and arms. I think it might be some kind of allergic reaction . My roommate just got a mew cat. Maybe I'm allergic to cats.
W: Hmm. Usually, allergies to animals don't cause rashes on your hands.
M: Well, maybe I'm allergic to some kind of food, or ...
W: When did see your rash first develop？
M: On Monday. By Tuesday, it was worse, and on Tuesday night I could hardly sleep.
W: Tell me, have you been out in the woods lately？
M: Out in the woods？ I went hiking Saturday. Why？ Oh, I get it. You think my rash might be caused by poison ivy, right？
W: Well, it looks like that. The doctor can tell you for sure. Do you know if you came in contact with poison ivy？
M: No, but then I have no idea what poison ivy looks like.
W: It grows in clusters of three leaves, and the leaves are waxy looking.
M: Well, if I do have poison ivy, what can the doctor do for me？
W: He can prescribe a lotion that will relieve the itching. But if I were you. I'd go to the library and look for some color photos of poison ivy, and try to avoid it the next time you go into the woods...
(22)
Dirty Money for Laundries
Selling illegal drugs is big business and laundering the proceeds an art form. One kilogram, or 2.2 pounds, of raw coca leaves is worth $1,400 in Latin America. By the time it is turned into refined cocaine, its value has grown to $100,000. Making the money appear to have come from a legitimate source that can create a paper trail spanning dozens of countries, and a web of financial transactions that may be impossible to unravel.
The United Nations has estimated that between $120 billion and $500 billion is laundered each year in the industrial world bigger than the volume of the oil trade.
Illegally obtained money is difficult to openly spend and invest: Drug cash often consists of large volumes of mixed denomination notes; the physical volume of notes can be far larger than the volume of the drugs themselves. Performing large transactions without arousing suspicion is the launderer's principal hurdle.
Different countries have different disclosure requirements, and the launderer seeks to exploit that by moving money between jurisdictions and covering up the audit trail. Terry Burke of the National Drugs Intelligence Unit in Britain said: "The big cases are so international in scale, and it can be very difficult to lift the veil of secrecy."
Investigators have identified three main stages in the laundering process.
In the first stage, the money can be deposited in a legitimate premium life insurance policy. Or the cash can be used to buy 'art, jewelry, antiques or gambling chips.
The second stage is called "layering". The launderer wants to separate his illicit proceeds from their source so he enters into a large number of financial transactions designed to disguise the trail and provide anonymity.
Finally, there is "integration". If the layering has been successful, the launderer will bring the money back into the economy in such a way that it appears to be normal business funds. So, an art object will be sold, a life insurance policy redeemed, and so on.
The BCCI scandal is a classic instance of drug-related financial abuse. With total assets in 1988 of $20 billion and 417 branches in 73 countries, BCCI was considered the seventh-biggest private bank in the world. In its case, prosecutors alleged that one scheme it operated was to collect cash in various American cities, which was deposited. The money was then transferred by wire to BCCI accounts abroad and used to buy certificates of deposit that acted as collateral for BCCI "loans" to the drug traffickers, supplying them with "clean" money.
Another money laundering investigation in the United States and Britain, code-named Operation Cougar, has so far identified $318 million of "dirty" money. The laundering operation spanned the Isle of Man, the British Virgin Islands and the U.S. mainland, and involved seven drug dealing organizations. At the center of each organization was a lawyer who coordinated the movement of money between offshore bank accounts, shelf companies and nominee directors.
One trick was to use the organizations' offshore companies to mortgage property. On the face of it, the paper trail was legitimated--the mortgage was bona fide, and interest payments were met. But as the financial layers were peeled back, the illicit origin of the money became apparent. So far, Operation Cougar has resulted in the imprisonment of 40 people.
One method that has come to the attention of the authorities more recently is the launderers' use of Hawala banks family-run businesses offering money transmission services, Interpol became sufficiently worried to mount a two-day conference on the subject earlier this year. Hawala originates in Asia and is basically a system of letters of credit, providing a legitimate channel for the movement of money from one area to a
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