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Today, most countries in the world have canals. Many countries have built canals near the coast, and parallel (67) the coast. Even in the twentieth century, goods can be moved more cheaply by boat than by any other (68) of transport. These (69) make it possible for boats to travel (70) ports along the coast without being (71) to the dangers of the open. Some canals, such as the Suez and the Panama, save ships weeks of time by making their (72) a thousand miles shorter. Other canals permit boats to reach cities that are not (73) on the coast; still other canals (74) lands where there is too much water, help to (75) fields where there is not enough water, and (76) water power for factories and mills. The size of a canal. (77) on the kind of boats going through it. The canal must be wide enough to permit two of the largest boats using it to (78) each other easily. It must be deep enough to leave about two feet of water (79) the keel of the largest boat using the canal. When the planet Mars was first (80) through a telescope, people saw that the round disk of the planet was crises-crossed by a (81) of strange bluegreen lines. These were called "canals" (82) they looked the same as canals on earth (83) are viewed from an airplane. However, scientists are now (84) that the Martian phenomena are really not canals. The photographs (85) from space-ships have helped us to (86) the truth about the Martian "canals".
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Material culture refers to what can be seen, held, felt, used--what a culture produces. Examining a culture’s tools and technology can tell us about the group’s history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music culture. The most vivid body of material culture in it, of course, is musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a th6usand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments in the symphony orchestra. Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on music and, when it becomes widespread, on the music culture as a whole. One more important part of music’s material culture should be singled out. the influence of the electronic media--radio, record player, tape recorder, television, and videocassette, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the "information revolution", a twentieth-century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modem nations; they have affected music cultures all over the globe. Research into the material culture of a nation is of great importance because ______.
Today, most countries in the world have canals. Many countries have built canals near the coast, and parallel (67) the coast. Even in the twentieth century, goods can be moved more cheaply by boat than by any other (68) of transport. These (69) make it possible for boats to travel (70) ports along the coast without being (71) to the dangers of the open. Some canals, such as the Suez and the Panama, save ships weeks of time by making their (72) a thousand miles shorter. Other canals permit boats to reach cities that are not (73) on the coast; still other canals (74) lands where there is too much water, help to (75) fields where there is not enough water, and (76) water power for factories and mills. The size of a canal. (77) on the kind of boats going through it. The canal must be wide enough to permit two of the largest boats using it to (78) each other easily. It must be deep enough to leave about two feet of water (79) the keel of the largest boat using the canal. When the planet Mars was first (80) through a telescope, people saw that the round disk of the planet was crises-crossed by a (81) of strange bluegreen lines. These were called "canals" (82) they looked the same as canals on earth (83) are viewed from an airplane. However, scientists are now (84) that the Martian phenomena are really not canals. The photographs (85) from space-ships have helped us to (86) the truth about the Martian "canals".
Today, most countries in the world have canals. Many countries have built canals near the coast, and parallel (67) the coast. Even in the twentieth century, goods can be moved more cheaply by boat than by any other (68) of transport. These (69) make it possible for boats to travel (70) ports along the coast without being (71) to the dangers of the open. Some canals, such as the Suez and the Panama, save ships weeks of time by making their (72) a thousand miles shorter. Other canals permit boats to reach cities that are not (73) on the coast; still other canals (74) lands where there is too much water, help to (75) fields where there is not enough water, and (76) water power for factories and mills. The size of a canal. (77) on the kind of boats going through it. The canal must be wide enough to permit two of the largest boats using it to (78) each other easily. It must be deep enough to leave about two feet of water (79) the keel of the largest boat using the canal. When the planet Mars was first (80) through a telescope, people saw that the round disk of the planet was crises-crossed by a (81) of strange bluegreen lines. These were called "canals" (82) they looked the same as canals on earth (83) are viewed from an airplane. However, scientists are now (84) that the Martian phenomena are really not canals. The photographs (85) from space-ships have helped us to (86) the truth about the Martian "canals".
Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
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