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The human brain is hard-wired to recognize faces. But remembering faces is not the same as being able to describe them. This is particularly apparent when witnesses are asked by the police to create a composite picture of a suspect. Even when the result is thought to be a good likeness by the witness, that does not mean that other people will also be able to recognize the face and thus identify the suspect. The problem is that face recognition is a holistic (整体的) process: people are good at recognizing faces as a whole, but struggle to identify or describe individual facial features, such as a person’s eyes, nose or mouth. But police forces in Britain and other countries are using a new technology that solves this problem by changing the task from one of recall into one of recognition. Instead of asking witnesses to select facial features, their system, called EvoFIT, initially presents them with a grid (网络) of 18 randomly generated faces that match the race, gender and general shape of the suspect. From these the witness is asked to select the two that most resemble the suspect, however vaguely. The software then takes these two selections and "breeds" them, treating the facial features of their selections like genes, mixing them together and making random changes, to produce 18 new offspring which are displayed in a new grid. As this process is repeated, with the witness again choosing the closest two matches, the faces generated quickly converge (集合) on one that bears a resemblance to that of the suspect. Dr. Frowd and Hancock, the researchers of EvoFIT realized that if the results were to be improved further their evolutionary approach was not enough on its own. What was needed was a dash of psychology, because there are fundamental differences in the way people perceive familiar and unfamiliar faces, says Dr. Frowd. EvoFIT is now being used in practice. One of the British forces, the Derbyshire Constabulary, has now started using EvoFIT exclusively. "It’s doubled our workload," says Beverly Hunt, the force’s facial identification officer, because it is now possible to produce a useful image even when a witness has only a vague memory of a suspect’s face. What does the passage mainly talk about
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Shoppers on Black Friday, the traditional start of the holiday shopping season in America, are notoriously aggressive. Some even start queuing outside stores before dawn to be the first to lay their hands on heavily discounted merchandise. Despite the frenzy at many stores, however, the recession appears to have accelerated the pace at which shoppers are abandoning bricks and mortar (实体店) in favor of online retailers—e-tailers. So this year Black Friday also marks the start of many conventional retailers’ attempts to regain the initiative. E-commerce holds particular appeal in straitened times as it enables people to compare prices across retailers quickly and easily. Buyers can sometimes avoid local sales taxes online, and shipping is often free. No wonder, then, that online shopping continues to grow even as the offline sort shrinks. The shift in spending to the Internet is good news for companies like P & G that lack retail outlets (经销店) of their own. But it is a big concern for brick-and-mortar retailers, whose prices are often higher than those of e-tailers, since they must bear the extra expense of running stores. Happily, however, conventional retailers are in a better position to fight back than last year, when overstocking forced them to resort to ruinous (破坏性的) discounting. The most obvious response to the growth of e-tailing is for conventional retailers to redouble their own efforts online. The online arms of big retailers are performing well, on the whole. Retailers are also trying to make shopping seem fun and exciting to counteract the economic gloom. One common tactic is to set up "pop-up" stores, which appear for a short time before vanishing again, to foster a sense of novelty and urgency. Following the lead of many bricks-and-mortar outfits, eBay recently launched a pop-up in New York where customers could inspect items before ordering them. Stores are also trying to lure customers by offering services that are not available online. Lululemon athletica, which sells sports clothes, offers free yoga classes. Best Buy, a consumer-electronics retailer, has started selling music lessons along with its musical instruments. The idea is to bring people back to its shops regularly, increasing the likelihood that they will develop the habit of shopping there. Why does Best Buy sell music lessons with its instruments
Is It Cheaper to Be a Woman—or a Man A．To celebrate the launch of gender equality in financial services, the Guardian explored other areas of spending to find out if there’s discrimination—and after crunching the numbers found the cost of being a woman is (mildly unscientifically) 6% more than a man. Clothes B．Some retailers charge different prices for near identical items, depending on whether you are in the men s or the women s sections. You might think that men s clothes should cost more as they are likely to involve more material, and this is the case at some shops—at Uniqlo, for instance, skinny jeans are ￡5 more, a cashmere sweater ￡10 more. However, other retailers charge women more: at Next, for example, you will pay ￡24 for a "supersoft robe" dressing gown, while a man’s is ￡22. Women’s Levi’s jeans are ￡20 more than the ￡70 for men’s 501s. Overall, where there was a difference, if you bought the same number of identical garments, you would pay more as a man. This seems to be borne out by transaction data from Barclaycard which shows that amongst its customers, women spend an average of ￡59 a time on clothes, while for men it is ￡65. C．But across the course of a year, women do have a much bigger outlay (花费). The latest ONS (Office for National Statistics) survey on household spending shows that in 2011 it was an average ￡244 a year on men’s clothes, against an average of ￡458 on women’s clothes. Women’s shoes accounted for ￡109 a year, while men’s cost ￡68. Men’s accessories cost ￡10 a year, while women’s ￡21. Add this all up and on average women are spending ￡588 a year on their wardrobes, while men are shelling out (花大笔钱) ￡322. Single-sex spending D．The ONS also has data for the cost of underwear—and it may not be a surprise that household spending on women’s underwear is higher, at an average of ￡57.20 a year versus ￡26 for men. A trip to Marks & Spencer established that men’s pants cost more than knickers, but women face additional costs for tights and bras. A survey earlier this year suggested the average woman has nine bras in her underwear drawer—even if you go for Marks & Spencer’s basic two-pack of white bras, that means an outlay of almost ￡70, and you will need to replace them at some point. E．Another item women will have to buy purely because of their gender is sanitary products. The average woman has periods for at least 30 years of her life and the average cycle is 28 days, so she has 13 a year. Assuming her period lasts five days and she uses four sanitary towels a day, that’s 260 a year. A packet of 26 Always Ultra costs ￡3.85 in Boots, so that adds up to ￡38.50 a year, or at least ￡1155 over a lifetime. For tampons (assuming 20 cost ￡1.99) the outlay is likely to be around ￡776 over 30 years. F．For many women, the cost of make-up adds a considerable amount each month. The ONS says ￡2.70 a week, or ￡140 a year, is spent on cosmetics. Men might argue that they need to buy razors (剃须刀), but so do many women—and they tend to cost more. At Boots, a pack of 10 Wilkinson Sword razors aimed at the female market cost ￡4.39-￡1.30 more than a similar product aimed at men. The cost of living G．There are other costs that are dictated by nature. Women, for example, are advised to have an average calorie intake of 2000 a day, while a man needs 2500 to maintain his weight, so men need 25% more calories every day. This will not necessarily cost 25% more—you can bulk up a meal by throwing in more of the cheaper staples such as pasta and rice etc., but it will add to the cost. A survey of US office workers found that men who bought takeaway sandwiches were spending almost double on lunch each week than their female counterparts. H．Women are also advised to drink less—two to three units a day against the three or four guideline for men. A bottle of wine at 13.5% alcohol contains 10.13 units. If it costs ￡4.99, assuming you have the maximum each day, as a woman you will spend ￡1.47 and as a man ￡1.96. That’s a big assumption—many people drink less, some more. I．One big thing to remember is that although alcohol may be a preservative, women are likely to live longer, and will therefore have to meet their living costs for more years. In 2010 the average life expectancy at birth was 82 for women and 78 for men: that means forking out for food, heating, travel, entertainment, for four extra years. The change to annuity rates brought in by the gender directive means that women will get the same income as a man, regardless of the fact that they are expected to live longer, but they will need to factor these years of extra spending into their other savings. Haircuts J．Ask most men how much they pay for a haircut and they’ll probably say around a tenner at their local barber. Unless they are friends with a hairdresser, women will usually spend at least double that. This will be in part because they go to different places for their cuts, but even if a man and a woman walked in to the same salon the woman would probably end up paying more. K．Many salons have stopped pricing according to sex, but some quote different costs according to the length of hair, which means women are likely to end up spending more. In Supercuts, for example, prices are advertised as starting from ￡13.95 for a cut and ￡16.95 for a cut and wash. At my local salon the hairdresser said a man would pay ￡16.95 or ￡18.95, while a cut and shampoo of my shoulder-length hair would cost ￡23.90. L．By this point you may well be shouting "I need to buy razors far more often than my girlfriend" or "I have to spend on my hair, you’re a baldie (光头)", and of course your individual circumstances will affect your spending habits and needs—or you may have other examples of instances where pricing is different for each sex. More material used makes men’s clothes more expensive than women’s at Uniqlo.
The human brain is hard-wired to recognize faces. But remembering faces is not the same as being able to describe them. This is particularly apparent when witnesses are asked by the police to create a composite picture of a suspect. Even when the result is thought to be a good likeness by the witness, that does not mean that other people will also be able to recognize the face and thus identify the suspect. The problem is that face recognition is a holistic (整体的) process: people are good at recognizing faces as a whole, but struggle to identify or describe individual facial features, such as a person’s eyes, nose or mouth. But police forces in Britain and other countries are using a new technology that solves this problem by changing the task from one of recall into one of recognition. Instead of asking witnesses to select facial features, their system, called EvoFIT, initially presents them with a grid (网络) of 18 randomly generated faces that match the race, gender and general shape of the suspect. From these the witness is asked to select the two that most resemble the suspect, however vaguely. The software then takes these two selections and "breeds" them, treating the facial features of their selections like genes, mixing them together and making random changes, to produce 18 new offspring which are displayed in a new grid. As this process is repeated, with the witness again choosing the closest two matches, the faces generated quickly converge (集合) on one that bears a resemblance to that of the suspect. Dr. Frowd and Hancock, the researchers of EvoFIT realized that if the results were to be improved further their evolutionary approach was not enough on its own. What was needed was a dash of psychology, because there are fundamental differences in the way people perceive familiar and unfamiliar faces, says Dr. Frowd. EvoFIT is now being used in practice. One of the British forces, the Derbyshire Constabulary, has now started using EvoFIT exclusively. "It’s doubled our workload," says Beverly Hunt, the force’s facial identification officer, because it is now possible to produce a useful image even when a witness has only a vague memory of a suspect’s face. According to the researchers, how can police further improve the results of EvoFIT
The human brain is hard-wired to recognize faces. But remembering faces is not the same as being able to describe them. This is particularly apparent when witnesses are asked by the police to create a composite picture of a suspect. Even when the result is thought to be a good likeness by the witness, that does not mean that other people will also be able to recognize the face and thus identify the suspect. The problem is that face recognition is a holistic (整体的) process: people are good at recognizing faces as a whole, but struggle to identify or describe individual facial features, such as a person’s eyes, nose or mouth. But police forces in Britain and other countries are using a new technology that solves this problem by changing the task from one of recall into one of recognition. Instead of asking witnesses to select facial features, their system, called EvoFIT, initially presents them with a grid (网络) of 18 randomly generated faces that match the race, gender and general shape of the suspect. From these the witness is asked to select the two that most resemble the suspect, however vaguely. The software then takes these two selections and "breeds" them, treating the facial features of their selections like genes, mixing them together and making random changes, to produce 18 new offspring which are displayed in a new grid. As this process is repeated, with the witness again choosing the closest two matches, the faces generated quickly converge (集合) on one that bears a resemblance to that of the suspect. Dr. Frowd and Hancock, the researchers of EvoFIT realized that if the results were to be improved further their evolutionary approach was not enough on its own. What was needed was a dash of psychology, because there are fundamental differences in the way people perceive familiar and unfamiliar faces, says Dr. Frowd. EvoFIT is now being used in practice. One of the British forces, the Derbyshire Constabulary, has now started using EvoFIT exclusively. "It’s doubled our workload," says Beverly Hunt, the force’s facial identification officer, because it is now possible to produce a useful image even when a witness has only a vague memory of a suspect’s face. What does Beverly Hunt think of EvoFIT
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