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A small group of Internet security specialists gathered in Singapore to start up a global system to make e-mail and e-commerce more secure, end the rapid growth of passwords and raise the bar significantly for Internet fraud, spies and troublemakers. The Singapore event included an elaborate technical ceremony to create and then securely store numerical keys that will be kept in three hardened data centers there, in Zurich and in San Jose, Calif. The keys and data centers are working parts of a technology known as Secure DNS, or DNSSEC. DNS refers to the Domain Name System, which is a directory that connects names to numerical Internet addresses. Preliminary work on the security system had been going on for more than a year, but this was the first time the system went into operation, even though it is not quite complete. The three centers are fortresses made up of five layers of physical, electronic and cryptographic security, making it virtually impossible to damage the system. Four layers are active now. The fifth, a physical barrier, is being built inside the data center. The technology is viewed by many computer security specialists as a ray of hope amid the recent cascade of data thefts, attacks, disruptions and scandals, including break-ins at Citibank, Sony, Lockheed Martin, RSA Security and elsewhere. It allows users to communicate via the Internet with high confidence that the identity of the person or organization they are communicating with is not being tricked or forged. Internet engineers like Dan Kaminsky, an independent network security researcher who is one of the engineers involved in the project, want to counteract three major deficiencies in today’s Internet. There is no mechanism for ensuring trust, the quality of software is uneven, and it is difficult to track down bad actors. One reason for these flaws is that from the 1960s through the 1980s the engineers who designed the network’s underlying technology were concerned about reliable, rather than secure, communications. That is starting to change with the introduction of Secure DNS by governments and other organizations. The event in Singapore capped a process that began more than a year ago and is expected to be complete after 300 so-called top-level domains have been digitally signed. Before the Singapore event, 70 countries had adopted the technology, and 14 more were added as part of the event. While large countries are generally doing the technical work to include their own domains in the system, the association of Internet security specialists is helping smaller countries and organizations with the process. The word "counteract"(Line 2, Paragraph 5) most probably means______.
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A beautiful woman lowers her eyes shyly beneath a hat. In an earlier era, her gaze might have signaled a mysterious allure. But this is a 2003 advertisement for Zoloft, an inhibitory drug approved by the F.D.A. to treat social anxiety disorder. "Is she just shy Or is it Social Anxiety Disorder" reads the caption, suggesting that the young woman is not luring people at all. She is sick. This does us all grave harm, because shyness and timidness—or more precisely, the careful, sensitive temperament from which both often spring—are not just normal. Indeed, they are valuable. And they may be essential to the survival of our species. But shyness and introversion share an undervalued status in a world that prizes being sociable. Children’s classroom desks are now often arranged in pods, because group participation supposedly leads to better learning. Many adults work for organizations that now assign work in teams, in offices without walls, for supervisors who value "people skills" above all. As a society, we prefer action to contemplation, risk-taking to heed-taking, certainty to doubt. As the psychologist William Hart points out, phrases like "get active," "get moving," "do something" and similar calls to action surface repeatedly in recent books. Yet shy and introverted people have been part of our species for a very long time, often in leadership positions. We find them in recent history, in figures like Charles Darwin and Albert Einstein, and, in contemporary times: think of Google’s Larry Page. Sitters and strollers favor different survival strategies, which could be summed up as the sitter’s "Look before you leap" versus the stroller’s inclination to "Just do it!" Once you know about sitters and strollers, you see them everywhere, especially among young children. Drop in on your local Mommy and Me music class: there are the sitters, intently watching the action from their mothers’ laps, while the strollers march around the room banging their drums and shaking their maracas. Relaxed and exploratory, the strollers have fun, make friends and will take risks, both rewarding and dangerous ones, as they grow. In contrast, sitter children are careful and shrewd, and tend to learn by observing instead of by acting. They notice scary things more than other children do, but they also notice more things in general. The psychologist Gregory Feist found that many of the most creative people in a range of fields are introverts who are comfortable working in solitary conditions in which they can f0CUS attention inward. Another advantage sitters bring to leadership is a willingness to listen to and implement other people’s ideas. Now, it’s time for the young woman in the Zoloft ad to rediscover her lure. It can be inferred from the text that many famous figures______.
A small group of Internet security specialists gathered in Singapore to start up a global system to make e-mail and e-commerce more secure, end the rapid growth of passwords and raise the bar significantly for Internet fraud, spies and troublemakers. The Singapore event included an elaborate technical ceremony to create and then securely store numerical keys that will be kept in three hardened data centers there, in Zurich and in San Jose, Calif. The keys and data centers are working parts of a technology known as Secure DNS, or DNSSEC. DNS refers to the Domain Name System, which is a directory that connects names to numerical Internet addresses. Preliminary work on the security system had been going on for more than a year, but this was the first time the system went into operation, even though it is not quite complete. The three centers are fortresses made up of five layers of physical, electronic and cryptographic security, making it virtually impossible to damage the system. Four layers are active now. The fifth, a physical barrier, is being built inside the data center. The technology is viewed by many computer security specialists as a ray of hope amid the recent cascade of data thefts, attacks, disruptions and scandals, including break-ins at Citibank, Sony, Lockheed Martin, RSA Security and elsewhere. It allows users to communicate via the Internet with high confidence that the identity of the person or organization they are communicating with is not being tricked or forged. Internet engineers like Dan Kaminsky, an independent network security researcher who is one of the engineers involved in the project, want to counteract three major deficiencies in today’s Internet. There is no mechanism for ensuring trust, the quality of software is uneven, and it is difficult to track down bad actors. One reason for these flaws is that from the 1960s through the 1980s the engineers who designed the network’s underlying technology were concerned about reliable, rather than secure, communications. That is starting to change with the introduction of Secure DNS by governments and other organizations. The event in Singapore capped a process that began more than a year ago and is expected to be complete after 300 so-called top-level domains have been digitally signed. Before the Singapore event, 70 countries had adopted the technology, and 14 more were added as part of the event. While large countries are generally doing the technical work to include their own domains in the system, the association of Internet security specialists is helping smaller countries and organizations with the process. What would be the best title for the text
A beautiful woman lowers her eyes shyly beneath a hat. In an earlier era, her gaze might have signaled a mysterious allure. But this is a 2003 advertisement for Zoloft, an inhibitory drug approved by the F.D.A. to treat social anxiety disorder. "Is she just shy Or is it Social Anxiety Disorder" reads the caption, suggesting that the young woman is not luring people at all. She is sick. This does us all grave harm, because shyness and timidness—or more precisely, the careful, sensitive temperament from which both often spring—are not just normal. Indeed, they are valuable. And they may be essential to the survival of our species. But shyness and introversion share an undervalued status in a world that prizes being sociable. Children’s classroom desks are now often arranged in pods, because group participation supposedly leads to better learning. Many adults work for organizations that now assign work in teams, in offices without walls, for supervisors who value "people skills" above all. As a society, we prefer action to contemplation, risk-taking to heed-taking, certainty to doubt. As the psychologist William Hart points out, phrases like "get active," "get moving," "do something" and similar calls to action surface repeatedly in recent books. Yet shy and introverted people have been part of our species for a very long time, often in leadership positions. We find them in recent history, in figures like Charles Darwin and Albert Einstein, and, in contemporary times: think of Google’s Larry Page. Sitters and strollers favor different survival strategies, which could be summed up as the sitter’s "Look before you leap" versus the stroller’s inclination to "Just do it!" Once you know about sitters and strollers, you see them everywhere, especially among young children. Drop in on your local Mommy and Me music class: there are the sitters, intently watching the action from their mothers’ laps, while the strollers march around the room banging their drums and shaking their maracas. Relaxed and exploratory, the strollers have fun, make friends and will take risks, both rewarding and dangerous ones, as they grow. In contrast, sitter children are careful and shrewd, and tend to learn by observing instead of by acting. They notice scary things more than other children do, but they also notice more things in general. The psychologist Gregory Feist found that many of the most creative people in a range of fields are introverts who are comfortable working in solitary conditions in which they can f0CUS attention inward. Another advantage sitters bring to leadership is a willingness to listen to and implement other people’s ideas. Now, it’s time for the young woman in the Zoloft ad to rediscover her lure. By citing the image of the woman, the author intends to______.
The word ’culture’ is probably the single most central concept in twentieth- century anthropology. Anthropologists use the word ’culture’ in a number of different senses. It seems to us that some of them use it as equivalent to what we call a form of social life. In its ordinary use in English, (46)’culture’, which is much the same idea as cultivation, refers to the process by which a person acquires, from contact with other persons or from such things as books or works of art, knowledge, skill, ideas, beliefs, tastes, and sentiments. That is the definition of ’culture’. (47)In a particular society we can discover certain processes of cultural tradition, using the word tradition in its literal meaning of handing on or handing down. The understanding and use of a language is passed on by a process of cultural tradition in this sense. An Englishman learns by such a process to understand and use the English language, but in some sections of the society he may also learn Latin, or Greek, or French, or Welsh. In complex modern societies there are a great number of separate cultural traditions. By one a Person may learn to be a doctor or surgeon, by another he may learn to be an engineer or an architect. In the simplest forms of social life the number of separate cultural traditions may be reduced to two, one for men and the other for women.(48)If we treat the social reality that we are investigating as being not an entity but a process, then culture and cultural tradition are names for certain recognisable aspects of that process, but not of course, the whole process. The terms are convenient ways of referring to certain aspects of human social life. (49)It is by reason of the existence of culture and cultural traditions that human social life differs very markedly from the social life of other animal species. The transmission of learnt ways of thinking, feeling and acting constitutes the cultural process, which is a specific feature of human social life. (50)It is, of course, part of that process of interaction among persons which is here defined as the social process thought of as the social reality. Continuity and change in the forms of social life being the subjects of investigation of comparative sociology, the continuity of cultural traditions and changes in those traditions are amongst the things that have to be taken into account. It is by reason of the existence of culture and cultural traditions that human social life differs very markedly from the social life of other animal species
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