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"What a difference a word makes." The issue of semantics has been an ongoing complaint against the media, which has been characterized by an increasing level of sensationalism and irresponsible reporting over the years, fostered by increasingly fierce competition and struggle for wider distributions and readerships. A focal point for the criticism is the coverage of high-profile criminal cases. With such headlines as "Mr. X Arrest for First-Degree Murder" prominently displayed across the front page, it has been argued that such provocative language influences public opinion, causing premature assumptions of guilt before the matter can be properly and legally decided in a court of law. The power of the media to influence public opinion and, by extension, legal and political perceptions, has long been established and recognized, spurring outcries when inaccurate or overly embellished stories result in unwarranted destruction of public image or intrusions into privacy of unwilling individuals. Reporters and editors take the utmost care in their choice of words for use in their articles, but with constant pressure to create provocative headlines in order to sell their papers, the distinction between respectable periodicals and trashy tabloids is becoming thinner every day. The predicament is exacerbated by the public"s seeming short attention span, putting the papers under pressure to make their stories as attention-grabbing as they are accurate. Further obfuscating the situation is the fact that the same phrase can be interpreted in a myriad of different ways depending on who reads it, making it hard for one to judge whether a line is excessive or not. Whatever the causes and effects, however, the freedom of press laws in the United States mean that any change to the style employed by the media must be self-imposed. In that respect, it appears that nothing will be changing in the near future, since the public"s insatiable hunger for controversy and scandal continues to dominate and set the pace for marketable reporting. As the sensationalism and its related effects continue into the longer term, however", there will no doubt be more outcry as the trend continues. This will possibly result in an upheaval of the system, favoring more accurate, unembellished reporting, consisting of hard facts with a minimum of supposition or commentary and devoid of minors and other questionable sources of information. If and when that occurs, we can truly state with pride that our media industry is not only a free one, but a responsible and reliable one. From paragraph 4, we can infer that______.
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To walk among me stars has been a dream of human kind since the beginning of time, wandering among the heavens that inspire legends and fantasies across the ages. Today, that dream has become a reality, a memory of some of the greatest human achievements in history: walking on the moon, sending probes to distant planets and discovering the secrets behind the mysteries of the cosmos. In the middle of the twentieth century, however, humans were at the halfway point between viewing space travel as a dream and as a reality. To them it was a goal rather than a memory, and the two main forces working toward that goal were the world"s two superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United States. Both of the great nations, on the advent of incredibly efficient rocket thrusters capable of propelling manmade objects into space, strove to achieve the victory of finding a place among the stars and securing the considerable international prestige associated with that monumental achievement. The Soviet Union gained the initial upper hand in the "Space Race," as it is commonly called, sending the first animal into space with. its Sputnik program. Its success and momentum carried it forward, achieving the second remarkable goal of putting a human cosmonaut into orbit around the earth and, more importantly, bringing him safely back to earth. The United States, sensing its losing position in the Space Race, set out to achieve the most ambitious goal yeti, to put a man on the moon. The resources of the entire nation were mobilized to work toward that goal under the orders of President John F. Kennedy, in an attempt to assert itself as a contender in the Space Race despite the Soviet Union"s early victories. After several years, all the efforts bore fruit, when Neil Armstrong, an American became the first man to walk on file moon. With the utterance of his famous words, "That"s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind," Armstrong stated what everyone was thinking. The impossible has been achieved, for such a feat was considered impossible a scant hundred years prior. With the space program continuing forward, the future does indeed seem to hold unlimited possibilities for human kind. An international space station is now orbiting the earth and there are even plans for colonizing planets, bringing the dreams and fantasies of yesterday in line with the reality of today. Which of the following is NOT considered a result of the "Space Race"
Human beings are animals. We breathe, eat and digest, and reproduce the same life (1)_____ common to all animals. In a biological laboratory, rats, monkeys, and humans seem very much the same. However, biological understanding is not enough: (2)_____ itself, it can never tell us what human beings are. (3)_____ to our physical equipment—the naked human body—we are not an (4)_____ animal. We are tropical creatures, (5)_____ hairless and sensitive to cold. We are not fast and have neither claws nor sharp teeth to defend ourselves. We need a lot of food but have almost no physical equipment to help us get it. In the purely physical (6)_____, our species seems a poor (7)_____ for survival. But we have survived—survived and multiplied and (8)_____ the earth. Some day we will have a (9)_____ living on the moon, a place with neither air nor water and with temperatures that mm gases into solids. How can we have done all these things Part of the answer is physical. (10)_____ its limitations, our physical equipment has some important (11)_____. We have excellent vision and hands that can (12)_____ objects with a precision unmatched by any other (13)_____ Most importantly, we have a large brain with an almost (14)_____ number of neural (15)_____. We have used this physical equipment to create culture, the key to our survival and success. If we live in the Arctic, we supply the warmth for our tropical bodies need (16)_____ clothing, shelter, and (17)_____ heat. If a million people want to live in a desert that supplies natural food for only a few hundred, we find water to grow food and (18)_____ deficits by transporting supplies from distant places. Inhabitants of our eventual moon colony will bring their own food and oxygen and then create an artificial earth environment to supply necessities. With culture, we can overcome our natural limitations. It was not always (19)_____ Our distant ancestors were just animals, faced with the limits of their physical equipment. They had no (20)_____ and lacked the physical Capacity to use it.
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) At the end of the fifteenth century, celestial navigation was just being developed in Europe, primarily by the Portuguese. Prior to the development of celestial navigation, sailors navigated by "deduced"(or "dead") reckoning, hereafter called DR. This was the method used by Columbus and most other sailors of his era. In DR, the navigator finds his position by measuring the course and distance he has sailed from some known point. Starting from a known point, such as a port, the navigator measures out his course and distance from that point on a chart, pricking the chart with a pin to mark the new position. Each day"s ending position would be the starting point for the next day"s course-and-distance measurement. (41)______. The ship"s speed was measured by throwing a piece of flotsam over the side of the ship. There were two marks on the ship"s rail a measured distance apart. When the flotsam passed the forward mark, the pilot would start a quick chant, and when it passed the aft mark, the pilot would stop chanting. The pilot would note the last syllable reached in the chant, and he had a mnemonic that would convert that syllable into a speed in miles per hour. This method would not work when the ship was moving very slowly, since the chant would nm to the end before the flotsam had reached the aft mark. (42)______. Columbus was the first sailor (that we know of) who kept a detailed log of his voyages, but only the log of the first voyage survives in any detail. It is by these records that we know how Columbus navigated, and how we know that he was primarily a DR navigator. (43)______. If Columbus had been a celestial navigator, we would expect to see continuous records of celestial observations; but Columbus"s log does not show such records during either of the transatlantic portions of the first voyage. It has been supposed by some scholars that Columbus was a celestial navigator anyway, and was using unrecorded celestial checks on his latitude as he sailed west on his first voyage. (44)______. In other words, if Columbus were a celestial navigator, we would expect to see a sense of small intermittent course corrections in order to stay at a celestially determined latitude. These corrections should occur about every three or four days, perhaps more often. But that is not what the log shows. (45)______. Only three times does Columbus depart from this course: once because of contrary winds, and twice to chase false signs of land southwest. In none of these cases does he show any desire to return to a celestially-determined latitude. This argument is a killer for the celestial hypothesis.A. Since DR is dependent upon continuous measurements of course and distance sailed, we should expect that any log kept by a DR navigator would have these records; and this is exactly what Columbus"s log looks like.B. On his return voyage in 1493, Columbus started from Samaria Bay on the north coast of Hispaniola, and he made landfall at Santa Maria Island in the Azores. We know his entire DR courses and distances between these two points, since they"re recorded in his log.C. In order for this method to work, the navigator needs a way to measure his course, and a way to measure the distance sailed. Course was measured by a magnetic compass. Distance was determined by a time and speed calculation: the navigator multiplied the speed of the vessel (in miles per hour) by the time traveled to get the distance.D. On the first voyage westbound, Columbus sticks doggedly to his magnetic westward course for weeks at a time.E. Could Columbus has corrected his compasses by checking them against the stars and thus avoids the need for course corrections This would have been possible in theory, but we know that Columbus could not have actually done this.F. Speed (and distance) was measured every hour. The officer of the watch would keep track of the speed and course sailed every hour by using a peg-board with holes radiating from the center along every point of the compass. The peg was moved from the center along the course traveled, for the distance made during that hour. After four hours, another peg was used to represent the distance made good in leagues during the whole watch. At the end of the day, the total distance and course for the day was transferred to the chart.G. In that case, as magnetic variation pulled his course southward from true west, he would have noticed the discrepancy from his celestial observations, and he would have corrected it.
Human beings are animals. We breathe, eat and digest, and reproduce the same life (1)_____ common to all animals. In a biological laboratory, rats, monkeys, and humans seem very much the same. However, biological understanding is not enough: (2)_____ itself, it can never tell us what human beings are. (3)_____ to our physical equipment—the naked human body—we are not an (4)_____ animal. We are tropical creatures, (5)_____ hairless and sensitive to cold. We are not fast and have neither claws nor sharp teeth to defend ourselves. We need a lot of food but have almost no physical equipment to help us get it. In the purely physical (6)_____, our species seems a poor (7)_____ for survival. But we have survived—survived and multiplied and (8)_____ the earth. Some day we will have a (9)_____ living on the moon, a place with neither air nor water and with temperatures that mm gases into solids. How can we have done all these things Part of the answer is physical. (10)_____ its limitations, our physical equipment has some important (11)_____. We have excellent vision and hands that can (12)_____ objects with a precision unmatched by any other (13)_____ Most importantly, we have a large brain with an almost (14)_____ number of neural (15)_____. We have used this physical equipment to create culture, the key to our survival and success. If we live in the Arctic, we supply the warmth for our tropical bodies need (16)_____ clothing, shelter, and (17)_____ heat. If a million people want to live in a desert that supplies natural food for only a few hundred, we find water to grow food and (18)_____ deficits by transporting supplies from distant places. Inhabitants of our eventual moon colony will bring their own food and oxygen and then create an artificial earth environment to supply necessities. With culture, we can overcome our natural limitations. It was not always (19)_____ Our distant ancestors were just animals, faced with the limits of their physical equipment. They had no (20)_____ and lacked the physical Capacity to use it.
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