The pathogenesis of dyspnea in left heart failure?()
A. Hypotension.
B. Congestion of systemic circulation.
C. Myocardial ischemia and hypoxia.
D. Increased blood volume.
E. Pulmonary congestion and pulmonary edema
F. Activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
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Which of the following pathophysiological change in stagnant hypoxia stage of shock is right?()
A. Contraction of venular smooth muscle.
B. Constriction of arteriole smooth muscle.
Closure of a great number of capillaries.
D. Increase of capillary hydrostatic pressure.
E. Decrease of blood flow perfusion in capillaries
The reason that DIC occurs easily in obstetric accident is ()
A. hypercoagulable state of blood.
B. inhibition of mononuclear phagocyte system.
C. injury of endothelium of capillary.
D. Hemolysis
E. disturbance of placenta circulation
.The essential pathogenic mechanism for stress ulcer is ()
A. Ischemia of gastric mucosa
B. acidosis
C. disturbance of digestive function.
D. malnutrition.
E. alkalosis
EP in fever include except for: ()
A. IL-1
B. IL-6
C. PGE
D. INF
E. TNF
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