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A vast health checkup is now being conducted in the western Swedish province of Farmland with the use of an automated apparatus for high-speed multiple-blood analyses. Developed by two brothers, the apparatus can process more than 4,000 blood samples a day, subjecting each to 10 or more tests. Automation has cut the cost of the analyses by about 90 percent.
The results so far have been astonishing, for hundreds of Swedes have learned that they have silent symptoms of disorders that neither they nor their physicians were aware of. Among them were iron-deficiency anemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and diabetes.
The automated blood analysis apparatus was developed by Dr. Gunnar Lungner, 49 year-old associate professor of clinical chemistry at Goteborg University, and his borther, Ingmar, 39, the physician in charge of the chemical central laboratory of Stockholm's Hospital for Infectious Diseases. The idea was conceived 15 years ago when Dr. Gunnar Jungner was working as clinical chemist in northern Sweden and was asked by local physician to devise a way of performing multiple analyses on a single blood sample. The design was ready in 1961. Consisting of calorimeters, pumps and other components, many of them American-made, the Jungner apparatus was set up here in Stockholm. Samples from Farmland Province are drawn into the automated system at 90 second intervals. The findings clatter forth in the form. of number printed by an automatic typewriter.
The Jungners predict that advance knowledge about a person's potential ailments by the chemical screening process will result in considerable savings in hospital and other medical costs. Thus, they point out, the blood analyses will actually turn out to cost nothing. In the beginning, the automated blood analyses ran into considerable opposition from some physicians who had no faith in machines and saw no need for so many tests. Some laboratory technicians who saw their jobs threatened also protested. But the opposition is said to be waning.(317)
The author's attitude towards automation is that of ______.
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Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies. In trades and handicrafts, and other vocations, like farming and fishery, which have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary, is very old. It consists largely of native words, or of borrowed words that have worked themselves into the very fiber of our language. Hence, though highly technical in many particulars, these vocabularies are more familiar in sound, and more generally understood, than most other technicalities. The special dialects of law, medicine, divinity, and philosophy have also, in their older strata, become pretty familiar to cultivated persons, and have contributed much to the popular vocabulary. Yet every vocation possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign, even to educated speech. And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts. Here new terms are coined with the great freedom, and abandoned with indifference when they have served their turn. Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions, and seldom get into general literature or conversation. Yet no profession is nowadays, as all professions once were, a close guild. The lawyer, the physician, the man of science, the divine, associates freely with his fellow-creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way. Furthermore, what is called "popular science" makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discoveries. Any important experiment, though made in a remote or provincial laboratory, is at Once reported in the newspapers, and everybody is soon talking about it--as in the case of the Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy. Thus our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace. (419)
This passage is primarily concerned with ______.
The head of homeland security indicated that ______.
The science of wildlife management is actually quite new. It is the third major phase of the original conservation movement. The first phase involved the preservation of wildlife through laws and hunting regulations. This phase was a reaction against the terrible destruction of ninny wild creatures. The second phase involved the control of certain birds and animals that were preying on other wildlife and causing their decline.
However, the first two phases of the conservation movement had serious limitations. The new laws al lowed certain animals to increase so much that they actually "ate up" their habitat. Many of them starved to death because the land simply could not provide for them all. Something had to Be done. This is how careful wildlife management came into being.
One of the chief concerns of wildlife management is the protection and improvement of the natural habitat so that animals have enough food and water to survive. Wildlife management involves care of the soil to produce good vegetation. It involves care of plants and bushes, not only as a source of food, but also as protection. Animals needs cover to hide from their natural enemies and to raise their offspring safely.
Just as crops are harvested, wildlife too must sometimes be "harvested". By allowing limited hunting and fishing, good management can control certain species that threaten to overpopulate their habitat.
Another major part of the wildlife management is the increasing of certain species by artificial means. Some creatures, like the whooping crane, were brought back from the edge of extinction in this way. In order to save these species, members of wildlife teams have reared the young in the safety of research stations. (278)
The passage is mainly about ______.
In the art of the Middle Ages, we never encounter the personality of the artist as an individual; rather it is diffused through the artistic genius of centuries embodied in the rules of religious art. Art of the Middle Ages is first a sacred script, the symbols and meanings of which were well settled. The circular halo placed vertically behind the head signifies sainthood, while the halo impressed with a cross signifies divinity. By bare feet, we recognize God, the angels, Jesus Christ and the apostles, but for an artist to have depicted the Virgin Mary with bare feet would have been tantamount to heresy. Several concentric, wavy lines represent the sky, while parallel lines water or the sea. A tree, which is to say a single stalk with two or three stylized leaves, informs us that the scene is laid on earth. A tower with a window indicates a village, and, should an angel be depicted with curly hair, and a short beard, while Saint Paul has always a bald head and a long beard.
A second characteristic of this iconography is obedience to a sacred mathematics. "The Divine Wisdom," wrote Saint Augustine, "reveals itself everywhere in numbers", a doctrine attributable to the neo-Platonists who revived the genius of Pythagoras. Twelve is the master number of the Church and is the product of three, the number of the Trinity, and four, the number of material elements. The number seven, the most mysterious of all numbers, is the sum of four and three. There are the seven ages of man, seven virtues, seven planets. In the final analysis, the seven-tone scale of Gregorian music is the sensible embodiment of the order of the universe. Numbers require also a symmetry. At Charters. a stained glass window show the four prophets, Isaac, Ezekiel, Daniel, and Jeremiah, carrying on their shoulders the four evangelists, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.
A third characteristic of art is to be a symbolic language, showing us one thing and inviting us to see another. In this respect, the artist was called upon to imitate Cod, who had hidden a profound meaning behind the literal and wished nature itself to be a moral lesson to man. Thus, every painting is an allegory. In a scene of the final judgment, we can see the foolish virgins at the left hand of Jesus and the wise at his right, and we understand that this symbolizes those who are Just and those who are saved. Even seemingly insignificant details carry hidden meaning: The lion in a stained glass window is the figure of the Resurrection.
These, then, are the defining characteristics of art of the Middle Ages, a system within which even the most mediocre talent was elevated by the genius of the centuries. The artists of the early Renaissance broke with traditional at their own peril. When they are not outstanding, they are scarcely able to avoid insignificance and banality in their religious works, and, even when they are great, they are no more than the equals of the old masters who passively followed the sacred rules. (523)
What does the circular halo placed behind the head signify in the art of the Middle Ages？
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