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物流是有形物品从产出源点到最终消费点的流动储存活动，具体包括运输、保管、包装、装卸、搬运、流通加工及信息处理，从职能上可以分为：供应物流、生产物流、销售物流、回收物流及废弃物流五个职能。( )
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Task 4Directions: The following is a list of brand names of some famous automobiles. After reading it, you are required to find the items equivalent to (与……等同) those given in Chinese in the list below. Then you should put the corresponding letters in the brackets on the Answer Sheet, numbered 51 through 55. A—Audi B—BMW C—Buick D—Chrysler E—Chevrolet F—Ford G—Fiat H—Ferrari I—Honda J—Jaguar K—Lincoln L—Lexus M—Mercedes-Benz N—Nissan O—Porsche P—Rolls-Royce Q—Renault R—Toyota S—Volkswagen T—Volvo ( )梅赛德斯-奔驰 ( )宝马
1．“两会”期间，“社会保障”成了代表、委员们讨论的一个热点话题，并且把关注的视线延伸到了城市最低保障金无法覆盖的下岗职工、残疾人员、农民工等“体制外”的贫困人群身上。 3月5日，政府工作报告中也特别强调了“加强对农村富余劳动力转移的协调和指导，维护农民进城务工就业的合法权益”，并希望“各级政府和各有关部门拿出具体的措施来，为农民进城打工办些实事”。 2．改革开放以来，我国经济社会面貌发生了巨大变化，人均GDP翻了两番多，人民生活水平大幅度提高。同时，我们也要清醒地看到，由于经济社会发展总体水平还比较低，地区发展不够平衡，城乡二元结构特征仍比较明显，我国还有相当一部分群体收入很低甚至没有收入，缺乏基本的生活保障。据统计，截至2004年，我国有2610万农村人口年人均收入不足668元，生活在绝对贫困线以下，还有4977万农村人口年人均收入不足924元，属于相对贫困，而且，以上绝对贫困线和相对贫困线标准明显偏低。近年来，随着工业化和城市化进程的不断推进，我国每年还要出现数百万的失地农民，目前总量已经达到4000万～5000万人。由于很多失地农民缺乏必要的非农产业谋生技能，加之征地补偿中存在一些不公正现象，他们的生产生活也面临较大困难。20世纪90年代中后期以来的国有企业改革和结构调整，至今已向社会释放出下岗职工约3000万人。目前，包括困难下岗失业人员等在内的城市低保对象约2200万人。此外，1亿多进城农民工的基本权利维护和社会保障问题也迫切需要寻求解决之道。 3．我国目前的弱势群体，从规模和劣势程度排序首先当推贫困群体。市场体制在带来不断增长的经济财富的同时造成了新的贫困群体：城镇的下岗、失业人员，停产或半停产企业的职工。据社会统计专家朱庆方测算，城镇贫困人口约有3000万人，贫困面为8%左右。其他专家的测算至少也有1500～1800万人。再加上我国农村的8000万贫困人口，贫困群体的总规模约在1亿人口左右。其次是残疾人群体。根据全国残联提供的数据，在80年代末，我国的残疾人大约有5164万人。再次是老年群体。到上个世纪末，我国60岁及以上的老年人口接近1.3亿人，占全国人口的10%。其中，80岁以上的高龄老人有1200万人，占老年人口的 9.6%。由于中国经济结构和社会结构的变化，老年人不再是收入最高，家庭和社会地位最高的一群，加上工业化和都市化进程中的种种原因，老年人常常被他人和自己认作是一种累赘，导致老年期被社会舆论视为纯粹的衰退期。其中，独居的高龄老人、无自理能力的老人更是成为明显的弱势群体。此外，我国还有一些正在形成中的弱势群体，例如单亲家庭，其中多数是由妇女与孩子组成的，犯罪及处于犯罪边缘的青少年；戒毒者群体，劳改犯的子女；居无定所、无固定职业的城市流动人口等等。 4．据国家统计局对13.7万户城镇居民户的调查，1999年只有36.6%的居民参加了养老保险、11.8%的人参加了失业保险、13.9%的人参加了医疗保险，31.2%的人参加了住房公积金，其中就业者参加上述前三种保险的比例分别也只有51.8%、17.9%和17.7%。养老、医疗、住房、实物福利等几项人均福利收入，富裕户比贫困户高87%，其中养老金高4.2倍，医疗保险高62%，住房补贴高61%，实物福利高38%。 5．在迁安市中医院，记者见到迁安镇挪河村的徐马军正在窗口办理出院手续。他的妻子住院做了剖宫产手术，总共花了2600元。结清住院费后，他转身来到农村合作医疗报销窗口，工作人员把他的有关信息输入电脑，报销金额一目了然：583元。短短几分钟，徐马军就拿到了妻子的住院报销款。他举着合作医疗证高兴地说：“有了这个绿本本，看病真实惠。这次报销的医药费相当于我打工一个月的工钱!” 6．据新华社北京8月26日电 建设部副部长黄卫26日说，我国建筑行业目前有3800万从业人员，其中农民工有3000多万人，拖欠工程款和拖欠农民工工资会直接影响到这些农民工的切身利益。 7．近日，东铁匠营街道顺三条2号院的凯嘉宾馆院内，聚集了江苏中兴建设有限公司的 100多名民工。他们打出了“还我血汗钱”的横幅，围扰宾馆内的北京浩鹏房地产开发有限公司索要所欠工资。接到举报后，街道组织人员迅速赶到事发现场。经查，江苏中兴建设有限公司因工程竣工后没有收到北京浩鹏房地产开发有限公司的全部工程款，因此拖欠了民工的工资，至使民工们聚集到北京浩鹏房地产开发有限公司围扰并索要拖欠的工资。 8．《燕赵都市报》讯 6月18日，裕华区召开了“就业再就业洽谈会”。此次洽谈会不仅吸引了大量的大中专毕业生和下岗职工，还有许多家住附近的失地农民也赶来找工作。 据了解，裕华区作为省会新城区，这几年发展迅速，许多农民的土地被合法征用，全区共有失地农民2.3万多人。这几年，为了让这些农民拥有一技之长，裕华区多次组织各种技术培训班，仅去年就培训失地农民5200多人。今年年初，该区劳动人事局在对全区民营企业进行调研中发现，许多企业中都有大量的岗位需要工人，而且这些岗位科技含量并不高，只要肯干能吃苦，就能做好。为此，该区积极搭建平台，召开“就业再就业洽谈会”，除提供了许多聘用高学历人员的岗位外，还提供了大量适合低学历人员从事的岗位，让失地农民也能找到满意的工作。 昨天，参会的民营企业共有85家，提供岗位多达3000余个，达成就业意向800多人次。该区劳动人事局负责人告诉记者，为了保证大中专毕业生、下岗职工，以及失地农民的合法权益，这些达成意向的人员一旦与用人单位谈妥，他们将组织双方签订劳动就业合同，依法保护这些工人的各项权利。 9．3月11日，民革广西区委会专职副主任何培嵩代表提出：“希望新闻媒体多关注失地农民，也希望国家进一步完善土地征用法律体系，切实保障失地农民的合法权益。” 何培嵩说，土地是农民的命根子。但是，随着经济社会的不断发展，随着各地工业化、城镇化进程的不断加快，失地农民越来越多。目前全国至少有2000万以上的失地农民，并且每年还要新增250万至300万人。农民没有了土地，基本的生活就失去了保障。由于现行的法律法规补偿费偏低，一些地方在具体执行这些法律法规时出现极大的随意性，严重损害农民权益，致使农民上访甚至暴力对抗等群体性事件时有发生。 他建议，要完善土地征用法律法规体系，从保护农民的切身利益出发，对目前土地征用补偿费用进行调整，按照市场规律、价值规律进行合理补偿，从根本上确保失地农民的合法权益。各级政府应加强对农民进行法制宣传和教育，对征用土地实行听证制度，成立失地农民法律援助机构，积极引导失地农民依法维护自身的合法利益，防止群体性事件的发生，切实维护社会稳定。 10．目前，占全国人口15%的城市居民享受着2/3的医疗卫生资源，而占85%的农村人口却仅获得不足1/3的医疗卫生保障服务。2001年，全国71万个行政村设有70万个村卫生室，乡村医生和卫生员129万人，比1997年下降了不少，农村预防保健机构、乡镇卫生院数量和床位数也减少了。由于医疗设备陈旧老化，乡村医护人员长期得不到培训，人员流失严重，防疫保健工作削弱了，绝迹多年的传染病、地方病又死灰复燃了。 11．我国6000万残疾人中城镇残疾人1528万人，占25.5%，农村4472万，占74.5%。其群体巨大，困难特殊，弱势明显，素质偏低，加之社会环境因素影响，国家财力物力制约，以及客观因素等，使得我国残疾人基本需求和基本生活状况仍然与我国社会经济发展水平与健全大生活水平存在较大差距。 12．6月22 B《北方新报》讯 记者从呼市团委了解到，为了帮助呼市的贫困学生、白血病患儿等弱势青少年群体，内蒙古青少年发展基金会和呼市团委决定，7月27日在呼市人民体育场举行的呼和浩特第六届青少年文化艺术节开幕式将以公益演出的形式举办，并且从现在开始开展大规模的百家企业送真情、百万市民献爱心、扶困助学大行动，为解决弱势青少年群体的生活困难做出实实在在的贡献。此外，内蒙古青少年发展基金会、呼市团委还联合发出倡议，要求团员青年发挥带头作用，参与本次活动，希望企业伸出友爱之手，回报社会，服务人民，同时也希望广大市民给予大力支持。 13．据调查，33.5%的农民工在城市里都有过失业的经历，而其中将近30%的外来农民曾经遇到过长达半年和半年以上的失业。同时，调查中发现，城市农民工失业后，多数是靠自己过去的积蓄生活，其次是靠向亲友、老乡借钱生活。我们调查的对象中没有任何一例是得到了劳动单位或地方组织的帮助，由此可以看到，城市农民工完全处在城市的社会保障网络之外。调研还显示，农民工生病以后，59.3%的人并没有花钱看病。另外40.7%花钱看病的人，他们人均支出是 885.46元，而他们所劳动的单位为他们看病的支出却仅为人均72.3元，不足实际看病费用的1/ 12。另外，从劳动时间上看，农民工的劳动也谈不上什么劳动保障体制。农民工一旦有工作，他们的劳动往往是大大超时的。农民工中，23.6%的人每天劳动时间在12小时以上，65%的人每天劳动时间在10小时以上。也就是说，符合劳动法的一天8小时劳动者仅占1/4。在城市高强度劳动中，过度损害的农民工劳动力，潜伏着未来的疾病问题和被缩短的劳动力周期问题。 用不超过200字的篇幅，概括出给定材料所反映的主要内容。
狭义的流通指商品的流通，它主要克服了使用权间隔、场所间隔和时间间隔。( )
Car Pollution Jump in the car, start your engine and you’’re off. But do you give any thought to what’’s coming out of the tailpipe as you go about your drive Carbon dioxide is the dominant greenhouse gas that causes global warming. The effects of global warming are uncertain, but they potentially include disruption of global weather patterns and ecosystems, flooding, severe storm, and droughts. Carbon monoxide, when inhaled, combines with haemoglobin in our blood, impairing the flow of oxygen to our brain and other parts of the body. Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless, and poisonous even to healthy people (at high levels). It can seriously affect people with heart disease, and can affect the central nervous system. Motor vehicles are the main source of carbon monoxide pollution in many countries. Sulphur oxides contribute to respiratory illness, particularly in children and the elderly, and aggravate existing heart and lung diseases. It contributes to the formation of acid rain, which damages trees, crops, and buildings; and makes soils, lakes, and streams acidic. Nitrogen oxide is a noxious pollutant. It is a lung irritant and reacts with compounds in the air to cause acid rain and ozone (the main reason for smog). Nitrogen oxide is one of the main ingredients involved in the formation of ground-level ozone (which can trigger serious respiratory problems), and contributes to global warming. Particulate matter, consisting of tiny particles of smoke, soot and dust primarily from engines, car parts, tires, and diesel exhaust, are an established cause of lung problems, from shortness of breath to worsening of respiratory and cardiovascular disease, damage to lung tissues, and cancer. The EPA estimates that particulate pollution kills more than 60,000 people per year. In addition, particulates are associated with increased hospital ad missions and emergency room visits for people with heart and lung disease, as well as work and school absences. Particulates can travel deep into the lungs, or in smaller form, directly into the bloodstream. Hydrocarbons, in their many forms, are directly hazardous, contributing to what are collectively called "air toxics." These compounds directly irritate the lung and other tissues, can cause cancer, contribute to birth defects, and cause other illnesses. Lead damages organs, affects the brain, nerves, heart, and blood. Although overall blood lead levels have decreased since 1976, urban areas with high levels of traffic or industrial facilities that burn fuel may still have high lead levels in air. In 1999, ten areas of the country did not meet the national health-based air quality standards for lead. Hybrid cars use less gas, and therefore produce fewer emissions, than conventional cars. Take a look at the statistics below (based on a car travelling 14,000 miles per year). ●A conventional car produces 11,100 pounds of CO2 per year, compared with the 4,800 pounds of CO2 produced by a hybrid car. ●A conventional car produces 330 pounds of carbon monoxide per year, compared with the 230 pounds produced by a hybrid car. ●A conventional car produces 49 pounds of nitrogen oxide per year, compared with the 17 pounds produced by a hybrid car. ●A conventional car produces 670 grams of particulate matter per year, compared with the 240 grams produced by a hybrid car. ●A conventional car produces 29 pounds of hydrocarbons per year, compared with the 8 pounds produced by a hybrid car.Rolling Up Your Window Won’’t Help Exposure to some car pollutants may be much higher inside your car than outside. Commuters driving in rush hour get the highest exposure, often from pollutants emitted by vehicles ahead of them. You are basically driving in and through -- and contributing to -- a lethal cocktail of air pollution.Other Impacts on the Environment When you think of pollution from cars, the first thing that comes to mind is noxious fumes. But the ,problems don’’t stop with air pollution. The environmental consequences associated with cars are much wider.Water Pollution Runoff of oil, automotive fluids, and roadway chemicals are estimated at hundreds of thousands of tons per year, and are considered the leading source of impairment to rivers. In addition, hundreds of thousands of potential leaks from underground fuel storage tanks threaten groundwater, and improperly disposed of used motor oil ends up in waterways.Noise Pollution Noise from car traffic, and loud car stereos and alarms, has become so ubiquitous that we barely notice it anymore -- but it’’s taking its toll. Recent census data indicates that 1 in 8 American households suffer from bothersome noise from the street or traffic. Problems related to noise include hearing loss, stress, high blood pressure, sleep loss, distraction, and lost productivity, and a general reduction in the quality of life and opportunities for tranquility.Solid Waste Over 10 million automobiles are scrapped every year, creating approximately seven billion pounds of unrecycled scrap and waste every year. Approximately 800 million tires are stockpiled in dumps around the country, creating a serious fire hazard and an ongoing environmental hazard. Every stockpiled tire sheds rubber each year, spewing minute grains of rubber into the atmosphere and back down into the water supply and human lungs.Wildlife The Humane Society estimates that around a million animals die on U. S. roads every day.Agriculture Air and water pollution from vehicles compromises the growth, reproduction and over all health of plants, which are susceptible to disease, pests, and environmental stress. It reduces agricultural yields for many economically important crops, such as soybean, wheat, and cotton.The Built-up Environment During the last century, an area roughly equal to all the arable land in Ohio, Indiana and Pennsylvania was paved in the United States -- requiting maintenance costs of over $ 200 million a day and trapping us in large, sprawling and undesirable concrete jungles. Approximately one-third of an average city’’s land is devoted to roads and other car-related elements. Interstate highways cut through and divide countless neighborhoods, taking homes and destroying businesses. We add more and more roads, encouraging wider use of private cars and ever-increasing traffic congestion. Low levels of carbon monoxide are not poisonous for healthy individuals.
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