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Paris 1 Paris, the capital and the largest city of the country, is in north central France. The Paris metropolitan area contains nearly 20% of the nation’s population and is the economic, cultural, and political center of France. The French governments have historically favored the city as the site for all decision making, thus powerfully attracting nearly all of the nation’s activities. 2 Paris has grown steadily since it was chosen as the national capital in the late 10th century. With the introduction of the Industrial Revolution, a great number of people moved to the city from the country during the 19th century. The migration was especially stimulated by the construction of railroads, which provided easy access to the capital. After World War II more and more immigrants arrived. 3 The city is the centralized control point of most national radio and television broadcasting. It is a place of publication of the most prestigious newspapers and magazines and an international book publishing center. With more than 100 museums, Paris has truly been one of the greatest concentrations of art treasures in the world. The Louver, opened as a museum in 1793 ,is one of the largest museums in the world. 4 In the late 1980s about 4. l million pupils annually attended about 47,000 elementary schools. In addition, about 5.4 million students attended some 11,200 secondary schools. Approximately 1.2 million students were enrolled annually at universities and colleges in France in the late 1980s. French centers of learning have served as academic models throughout the world. 5 Paris is the leading industrial center of France, with about one quarter of the nation’s manufacturing concentrated in the metropolitan area. Industries of consumer goods have always been drawn to Paris by the enormous market of the big population, and modern, high - technology industries also have become numerous since World War II. Chief manufactures are machinery, automobiles, chemicals and electrical equipment.A. History of the cityB. Industries of the cityC. Population grownD. EducationE. Cultural centerF. Immigration Paragraph 5 ______
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1. Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently Male pilots flying general aviating(private) aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention or flawed decision - making, while female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling the aircraft. These are the results of a study by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. The study identifies the differences between male and female pilots in terms of circumstances of the crash and the type of pilots error involved. "Crashes of general aviation aircraft account for 85 percent of all aviation deaths in the United States. The crash rate for male pilots, as for motor vehicle drivers, exceeds that of crashes of female pilots," explains Susan P. Baker. MPH, professor of health policy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. "Because pilot youth and inexperience are established contributors to aviation crashes, we focused on only mature pilots, to determine the gender differences in the reasons for the crash. " The researchers extracted data for this study from a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety. The data were gathered from general aviation crashes of airplanes and helicopters between 1983 and 1997, involving 144 female pilots and 267 reale pilots aged 40 -63. Female pilots were matched with male pilots in a 1 : 2 ratio, by age, classes of medical and pilot certificates, state or area of crash, and year of crash. Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gender. The researchers found that loss of control on landing or takeoff was the most common circumstance for both sexes, leading to 59 percent of female pilots’ crashes and 36 percent of males. Experiencing mechanical failure, running out of fuel, and landing the plane with the landing gear up were among the factors more likely with males ,while stalling(失速) was more likely with females. The majority of the crashes - 95 percent for females and 88 percent for males - involved at least one type of pilot error. Mishandling aircraft kinetics was the most common error for both sexes, but was more common among females( accounting for 81 percent of the crashes)than males (accounting for 48 percent). Males, however, appeared more likely to be guilty of poor decision - making, risk - taking, and inattentiveness, examples of which include misjudging weather and visibility or flying an aircraft with a known defect. Females, though more likely to mishandle or lose control of the aircraft, were generally more careful than their male counterparts. The research data involved more than 400 pilots aged 40 -63.
A presentation has two important components: what you say and (51) you deliver it. The term delivery covers a wide (52) of featares of speaking and eye contact is one of them. The appropriate use of eye contact (53) from one culture to another. In some cultures, women are (54) to lower their eyes in most communication (55) ; in others, younger people must keep their eyes lowered when addressing older people. (56) in the United States, (57) you are addressing an individual, a small group of people, or a larger audience, you are expected to look at them. You do not have to stare (58) and continuously; (59) , it is appropriate when speaking to one person to (60) occasionally. In a small group you should look around at the different members of the group. (61) When addressing a larger audience, you should try to make eye contact with different people around the room. It is important to look at the (62) . Audience, not just the people in the center of the room, (63) you will probably have to turn your head and/or your body in order to make proper eye contact with people (64) at the sides of the room. If you look at the ceiling, you will give the impression that you are not interested in your audience. A speaker establishes friendly relationship with the audience mainly (65) eye contact, and good relationship is essential to the success of any speech.
Brain Train Millions of copies of console and computer- based" brain trainers" are sold worldwide every year, claiming to make peoples’brains younger, better, faster or bigger. The theory seems to make sense: regularly exercising the brain with tests and puzzles can improve brain skills and help people become better at everyday thinking tasks. But recent research suggests scientific evidence is lacking. The BBC’s Brain Test Britain experiment wants to find out if brain training really works, and is aiming to get thousands of members of the public to train for 10 minutes a day ,three times a week ,for at least six weeks. Scientific experiments and their findings should be evaluated by independent experts in a process called "peer review". This is the minimum standard by which the quality of any research is judged. Very little research on commercial brain trainers has been peer reviewed. Instead, manufacturers often quote unsupported testimonials from" satisfied users". None of these are acceptable substitutes for peer review. A proper" control group" is the backbone of any valid scientific study. With a brain training study, the control group of participants should do the same amount of a mental activity as the brain - training group, but using a" non - brain training" activity such as a crossword. Scientists should then be able to compare the results from the two groups to see how genuinely effective the brain training tasks were. Studies that have been used to support the claims made by commercial brain trainers often have no control group at all, or a control group that is not as mentally active as the trained group. In order to see how much you have improved, you need to know where you were at the start. To do this. scientists use a" benchmarking test"—the same test, taken at the beginning and end of an experiment. Benchmarking tests should he different from the brain training tasks. This way, scientists can see if the effects of brain training are transferable to other mental tasks. Studies used to support the claims made by commercial brain trainers often use tests for benchmarking that are identical—or very similar—-to the tests used during training Which statement about" peer review" is right
1. Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently Male pilots flying general aviating(private) aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention or flawed decision - making, while female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling the aircraft. These are the results of a study by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. The study identifies the differences between male and female pilots in terms of circumstances of the crash and the type of pilots error involved. "Crashes of general aviation aircraft account for 85 percent of all aviation deaths in the United States. The crash rate for male pilots, as for motor vehicle drivers, exceeds that of crashes of female pilots," explains Susan P. Baker. MPH, professor of health policy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. "Because pilot youth and inexperience are established contributors to aviation crashes, we focused on only mature pilots, to determine the gender differences in the reasons for the crash. " The researchers extracted data for this study from a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety. The data were gathered from general aviation crashes of airplanes and helicopters between 1983 and 1997, involving 144 female pilots and 267 reale pilots aged 40 -63. Female pilots were matched with male pilots in a 1 : 2 ratio, by age, classes of medical and pilot certificates, state or area of crash, and year of crash. Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gender. The researchers found that loss of control on landing or takeoff was the most common circumstance for both sexes, leading to 59 percent of female pilots’ crashes and 36 percent of males. Experiencing mechanical failure, running out of fuel, and landing the plane with the landing gear up were among the factors more likely with males ,while stalling(失速) was more likely with females. The majority of the crashes - 95 percent for females and 88 percent for males - involved at least one type of pilot error. Mishandling aircraft kinetics was the most common error for both sexes, but was more common among females( accounting for 81 percent of the crashes)than males (accounting for 48 percent). Males, however, appeared more likely to be guilty of poor decision - making, risk - taking, and inattentiveness, examples of which include misjudging weather and visibility or flying an aircraft with a known defect. Females, though more likely to mishandle or lose control of the aircraft, were generally more careful than their male counterparts. The majority of the crashes are due to bad weather conditions.
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