Forest workers and researchers use ______ to judge the soil acidity or alkalinity.
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The hydroxyl ions in soil solution mainly come from calcium, magnesium and sodium carbonates or bicarbonates, as well as the hydrolysis of ______ adsorbed by soil colloids.
In soil solution, there are soluble ions, dissolved gases and suspended colloids.
The physical weathering, chemical weathering and biological weathering are present at the same time for a specific region, but with different intensities.
In agricultural soil, its natural fertility and artificial fertility is combined together closely. It is impossible to tell natural fertility from artificial fertility in such soils.