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下面是关于商品价值量与劳动生产率关系的两段话 “如果生产各种商品所必需的各种劳动量是固定不变的，这些商品的相对价值也会是固定不变的。但是，其实不然。生产一个商品所必需的劳动量，是随着所用劳动的生产率的变化而不断变化的。劳动的生产率越高，在一定的劳动时间内所完成的产品也越多；劳动的生产率越低，在同一时间内所完成的产品也越少。” ——摘自《马克思恩格斯选集》 “生产力当然始终是有用的具体的劳动的生产力，它事实上只决定有目的的生产活动在一定时间内的效率。因此，有用劳动成为较富或较贫的产品源泉与有用劳动的提高或降低成正比。相反的，生产力的变化本身丝毫不会影响表现为价值的劳动。既然生产力属于劳动的具体形式，它自然不再同抽去了具体有用形式的劳动有关。因此，不管生产力发生了什么变化，同一劳动在同样的时间内提供的价值量总是相同的。” ——摘自马克思《资本论》 请结合上面两段话，分析商品的价值量与劳动生产率的关系
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下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。Every Dog Has Its Say Kimiko Fukuda, a Japanese girl, always wondered what her dog was trying to say. Whenever she put on makeup, it would pull at her sleeve. (46) When the dog barks, she glances at a small electronic gadget (装置). The following" human" translation appears on its screen:" Please take me with you. " "I realized that’s how he was feeling. "said Fukuda. The gadget is called Bowlingual, and it translates dog barks into feelings. People laughed when the Japanese toymaker Takara Company made the world’s first dog-human translation machine in 2002. But 300,000 Japanese dog owners bought it. (47) "Nobody else had thought about it," said Masahiko Kajita, who works for Takara "We spend so much time training dogs to understand our orders; what would it be like if we could understand dogs" Bowlingual has two parts. (48) The translation is done in the gadget using a database (资料库) containing every kind of bark. Based on animal behaviour research, these noises are divided into six categories: happiness, sadness, frustration, anger, declaration and desire. (49) In this way, the database scientifically matches a" bark to an emotion, which is then translated into one of 200 phrases. When a visitor went to Fukuda’s house recently, the dog barked a loud" bow wow". This translated as" Don’t come this way" (50) The product will be available in US pet stores this summer for about US $120 It can store up to 100 barks, even recording the dog’s emotions when the owner is away. A. A wireless microphone is attached to the dog’s collar, which sends information to the gadget held by the owner. B. Nobody really knows how a dog feels. C. It was followed by" I’m stronger than you" as the dog growled(嗥叫)and sniffed(嗅) at the visitor. D. More customers are expected when the English version is launched this summer. E. Now, the Japanese girl thinks she knows. F. Each one of these emotions is then linked to a phrase like "Let’s play"," Look at me", or "Spend more time with me".
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2、4、5、6段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 The Fridge 1 The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label: "store in the refrigerator. " 2 In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country. 3 The invention of the fridge Contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast variety of well-tried techniques already existed—natural cooling, drying, smoking, slating, sugaring, bottling... 4 What refrigeration did promote was marketing—marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price. 5 Consequently, most of the world’s fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously, and at vast expanse, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house—while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge. 6 The fridge’s effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you don’t believe me, try it yourself. Invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers but at least you’ll get ride of that terrible hum. A. The invention of the fridge B. The pollution caused by fridges C. The widespread need for fridge D. The days without the fridge E. The waste of energy caused by fridges F. The fridge’s contribution to commerce Paragraph 2 ______.
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。Irish Dolphins May Have a Unique Dialect Irish scientists monitoring dolphins living in a river estuary in the southwest of the country believe they may have developed a unique dialect to communicate with each other. The Channel Dolphin and Wildlife Foundation (SDWF) has been studying a group of up to 120 bottle-nose dolphins in the River Shannon using vocalisations collected on a computer in a cow shed near the River Shannon. As part of a research project, student Ronan Hickey digitised and analysed a total of 1,882 whistles from the Irish dolphins and those from the Welsh dolphins on a computer and separated them into six fundamental whistle types and 32 different categories. Of the categories, he found most were used by both sets of dolphins—but eight were only heard from the Irish dolphins. "We are building up a catalogue of the different whistle types they use and trying to associate them with behaviour like foraging, resting, socialising and the communications of groups with calves," project leader Simon Berrow said. "Essentially we are building up what is like a dictionary of words they use or sounds they make. " Berrow, a marine biologist, said the dolphins’ clicks are used to find their way around and locate prey. The whistles are communications. "They do a whole range of other sounds like barks, groans and a kind of gunshot. " He said. "The gunshot is an intense pulse of sound. Sperm whales use it to stun their prey. " "When I first heard it I was surprised as I thought sperm whales were the only species who used it. We can speculate the dolphins are using it for the same reason as the sperm whales. " Berrow said. References in local legend indicate there have been dolphins in the Shannon estuary for generations and they may even have been resident there as far back as the 6th century. They are regularly seen by passengers on the Shannon ferry and an estimated 25,000 tourists every year take special sightseeing tours on local boats to visit them. Of the 32 categories, eight were produced only by the Irish dolphins.
第二篇Explorer of the Extreme Deep Oceans cover more than two-thirds of our planet. Yet, just a small fraction of the underwater world has been explored. Now, Scientists at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in Massachusetts are building an underwater vehicle hat will carry explorers as deep as 6,500 meters (21,320 feet). The new machine, known as a manned submersible or human-operated vehicle (HOV), will replace another one named Alvin which has an amazing record of discovery, playing a key role in various important and famous undersea expeditions. Alvin has been operating for 40 years but can go down only 4,500 meters (14,784 feet). It’s about time for an upgrade ,WHOI researchers say. Alvin was launched in 1964. Since then, Alvin has worked between 200 and 250 days a year, says Daniel Fornari, a marine geologist and director Of the Deep Ocean Exploration Institute at WHOI. During its lifetime, Alvin has carried some 12,000 people on a total of more than 3,000 dives. A newer, better versions of Alvin is bound to reveal even more surprises about a world that is still full of mysteries, Fornari says. It might also make the job of exploration a little easier. "We take so much for granted on land. " Fomari says. "We can walk around and see with our eyes how big things are. We can see colors, special arrangements. " Size-wise, the new HOV will be similar to Alvin. It’ll be about 37 feet long. The setting area inside will be a small sphere, about 8 feet wide, like Alvin. It’ll carry a pilot and two passengers. It will be just as maneuverable. In most other ways, it will give passengers more opportunities to enjoy the view, for one thing. Alvin has only three windows, the new vehicle will have five, with more overlap so that the passengers and the pilot can see the same thing. Alvin can go up and down at a rate of 30 meters every second, and its maximum speed is 2 knots (about 2.3 miles per hour), while the new vehicle will be able to ascend and descend at 44 meters per second. It’ll reach speeds of 3 knots, or 3.5 miles per hour. What is Alvin
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